Brown, DrusillaRobertson, RaymondPierre, GaëlleSanchez-Puerta, María Laura2012-03-192012-03-192009978-0-8213-7934-9https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2654The country studies in this volume analyze the link between globalization and working conditions in Cambodia, El Salvador, Honduras, Indonesia, and Madagascar. These countries vary significantly in population, economic circumstances, region, history, and institutions. All have experienced liberalization and globalization in the last 20 years. The heterogeneity of these countries provides the basis for a useful comparison of the effects of globalization on working conditions. As suggested in the framework, each country study has three main components: a description of the country's experience with globalization, a qualitative part that analyzes country-specific aspects of working conditions, and an analysis of changes in interindustry wage differentials (IIWDs) that can be compared across countries. In general, globalization has been characterized by export-driven foreign direct investment (FDI) concentrated in relatively few sectors. Export-driven FDI in the apparel sector plays a prominent role in each country, although to varying degrees. In Cambodia, apparel made up 82 percent of all merchandise exports in 2003. Nearly two-thirds of that total was destined for the U.S. market. Virtually all factories in the Cambodian garment sector are foreign owned. Honduras rose from being the 34th largest supplier of apparel to the United states (U.S.) market in 1990 to fourth place in 2003. In 2003, two-thirds of all Honduran exports to the U.S. were garments and more than 82 percent of all Honduran workers worked in foreign-owned factories. A similar pattern emerges for El Salvador. For Madagascar, apparel exports from the Zone Franche were the primary force behind the country's remarkable export growth and its transition from exporting primary products to exporting manufactured products between 1990 and 2005. By 2001, Madagascar had become the second most important clothing exporter in Sub-Saharan Africa as measured by total export value.CC BY 3.0 IGOAGRICULTUREANTI-SWEATSHOP MOVEMENTAPPAREL FACTORIESAPPAREL INDUSTRYAPPAREL SECTORAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITYAVERAGE WAGEAVERAGE WAGESBARGAININGBARGAINING POWERCHILD LABORCOLLECTIVE BARGAININGCOMPENSATING WAGE DIFFERENTIALSCOMPENSATIONCOMPETITIVE LABOR MARKETSCOMPETITIVE MARKETSCOMPETITIVENESSCOMPULSORY LABORCONSUMERSCORE LABOR STANDARDSCORPORATE CODECORPORATE CODESCORPORATE CODES OF CONDUCTCORPORATE POLICYDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDIMINISHING RETURNSDOMESTIC MARKETECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC DOWNTURNSECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC SHOCKSECONOMICSECONOMICS LITERATUREEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONEFFICIENCY WAGESEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT EFFECTSEMPLOYMENT SHAREEXPORT GROWTHEXPORT PROCESSING ZONEEXPORT PROCESSING ZONESEXPORT-PROCESSING ZONESEXPORTSEXTERNALITIESFACTOR MARKETSFACTORY MANAGERSFIRM LEVELFIRM SIZEFOREIGN INVESTMENTFREE TRADEFREEDOM OF ASSOCIATIONFUTURE RESEARCHGDPGDP PER CAPITAGENERALIZED SYSTEM OF PREFERENCESGLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINSGNPGNP PER CAPITAGOVERNMENT REGULATIONGOVERNMENT REGULATIONSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTHIGH WAGESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTILO CONVENTIONSIMPERFECT COMPETITIONIMPORT QUOTASIMPROVED WORKING CONDITIONSINCOMEINCOME LEVELSINDUSTRIAL WAGEINDUSTRY CHARACTERISTICSINDUSTRY WAGEINFORMAL SECTORINJURIESINNOVATIONINNOVATIONSINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL MARKETINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERNATIONAL TRADEJOB CREATIONJOB LOSSJOBSLABOR CONDITIONSLABOR DEMANDLABOR ECONOMICSLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR LAWLABOR MANAGEMENTLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENTLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET RIGIDITIESLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOBILITYLABOR MOVEMENTLABOR MOVEMENTSLABOR PRACTICESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR RELATIONSLABOR STANDARDSLABORERSLABOURLEGAL STATUSMACROECONOMIC SHOCKSMANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESMANPOWERMARKET WAGESMULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISESMULTINATIONAL FIRMSNATIONAL INCOMEOCCUPATIONSOVERTIMEPAYING JOBSPER CAPITA INCOMEPERSONNELPOSITIVE EFFECTSPOSITIVE EXTERNALITIESPRELIMINARY EVIDENCEPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTION PROCESSPRODUCTIVE FIRMSPRODUCTIVITYPROFIT MARGINSPROFIT MAXIMIZINGPROPERTY RIGHTSQUOTA RENTSQUOTASRATCHETING LABOR STANDARDSREAL WAGEREAL WAGESREGRESSION ANALYSESRENTSRIGHT TO COLLECTIVE BARGAININGRISK AVERSESAFEGUARDSSAFETYSAFETY STANDARDSSEVERANCE PAYSKILLED WORKERSSOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITYSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL POLICIESSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYSUPPLIERSSUPPLY CHAINSUPPLY CHAINSTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE UNIONSTRANSITION ECONOMIESUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED WORKERSUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNFAIR COMPETITIONUNION MEMBERSHIPUNSKILLED LABORVALUE ADDEDWAGE DATAWAGE DETERMINATIONWAGE DIFFERENTIALWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWAGE EFFECTSWAGE INEQUALITYWAGE PREMIUMWAGE PREMIUMSWAGE RATEWAGE RATESWAGE STRUCTUREWAGESWEALTHWOMEN WORKERSWORKERWORKER HETEROGENEITYWORKER PRODUCTIVITYWORKINGWORKING CONDITIONSWORKPLACEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOYOUNG WORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7934-9