Shah, Anwar2012-06-052012-06-052006978-0-8213-6328-7https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7108Local government refers to specific institutions or entities created by national constitutions (Brazil, Denmark, France, India, Italy, Japan, Sweden), by state constitutions (Australia, the United States), by ordinary legislation of a higher level of central government (New Zealand, the United Kingdom, most countries), by provincial or state legislation (Canada, Pakistan), or by executive order (China) to deliver a range of specified services to a relatively small geographically delineated area. Local governance is a broader concept and is defined as the formulation and execution of collective action at the local level. Thus, it encompasses the direct and indirect roles of formal institutions of local government and government hierarchies, as well as the roles of informal norms, networks, community organizations, and neighborhood associations in pursuing collective action by defining the framework for citizen-citizen and citizen-state interactions, collective decision making, and delivery of local public services.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCOUNTABILITYACCOUNTABILITY IN GOVERNANCEALLOCATION OF RESOURCESAUTONOMYBLOCK GRANTSBUDGETARY INSTITUTIONSCAPITAL EXPENDITURESCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCITIZENSCONSTITUTIONSCORPORATE INCOME TAXCORRUPTIONDEBTDECENTRALIZATIONDECISION MAKINGDEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATIONDICTATORSHIPDISTRICTSECONOMICSELECTRICITYENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESEXECUTIONEXPENDITURE RESPONSIBILITIESEXTERNALITIESFEDERAL GOVERNMENTFEDERAL STATESFEDERALISMFEDERATIONSFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITYFINANCIAL CAPACITIESFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL PLANNINGFINANCIAL SUPPORTFISCAL DECENTRALIZATIONFISCAL DISCIPLINEFISCAL EQUALIZATIONFISCAL FEDERALISMFISCAL MANAGEMENTFISCAL RESOURCESFISCAL RESPONSIBILITYFORMAL INSTITUTIONSGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNMENT BORROWINGGOVERNMENT BUDGETSGOVERNMENT DEBTGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURESGOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIESGOVERNMENT REVENUESGOVERNMENT SPENDINGGOVERNMENT STRUCTURESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHUMAN RESOURCESHUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENTINCOMEINSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTSINSTITUTIONAL ECONOMICSINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKINSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMSINTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONSINTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONSINTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERSINVESTMENT GRANTSLEGISLATIONLEVELS OF GOVERNMENTLICENSESLOCAL ADMINISTRATIONLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL AUTHORITYLOCAL COUNCILSLOCAL DECISION MAKINGLOCAL FINANCELOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIONLOCAL GOVERNMENT BORROWINGLOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGETSLOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURESLOCAL GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONLOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUESLOCAL GOVERNMENTSLOCAL LEVELLOCAL PUBLIC FINANCELOCAL PUBLIC SECTORLOCAL TAXLOCAL TAXESLOWER HOUSEMACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCEMETROPOLITAN GOVERNMENTSMINISTRY OF FINANCEMUNICIPALMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTSMUNICIPALITIESNATIONAL LEVELNATIONSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOOR GOVERNANCEPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATIONPROPERTY TAX BASEPUBLICPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPUBLIC CHOICEPUBLIC ECONOMICSPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC EXPENDITURE ANALYSISPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC GOVERNANCEPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC INFRASTRUCTUREPUBLIC MANAGEMENTPUBLIC OFFICIALSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITYPUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENTPUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCEPUBLIC SERVANTSPUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE PROVISIONPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONREGIONAL GOVERNMENTSREGIONAL PLANNINGREGIONAL POLICIESREGULATORY AGENCYREPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENTRESIDENTIAL PROPERTYREVENUE SOURCESREVOLUTIONSEWAGESHIFTING RESPONSIBILITIESSOCIAL EQUITYSOCIAL SERVICESSOVEREIGNTYSPECIAL DISTRICTSSTATE CONSTITUTIONSSTATE GOVERNMENTSSTREET MAINTENANCESUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTSSUBSIDIARITY PRINCIPLESUBSIDIARYTAX ADMINISTRATIONTAX ASSIGNMENTTAX AUTHORITYTAX BURDENTAX POLICYTAX RATESTAX REVENUETAX REVENUESTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRANSITION ECONOMIESUSER CHARGESUTILITIESVOTERSVOTINGWATER SUPPLYWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-6328-7