World Bank2014-08-142014-08-142009-06-15https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19331In the last five decades, there has been a rapid growth in the effort to coordinate scientific research. Improvements and advances in science and technology are now considered a major force in accelerating growth and improving living standards. Though technological progress can arise from accidental discoveries, it is crucially dependent on intentional investments of resources (be they human/intellectual or financial) by governments, profit-seeking firms and individuals as well as various institutions (academic, research and so on). Research and technological advances can be driven by various motives (from military purposes to the pursue of fame), but the catalytic role of commercial returns and economic incentives to industrial innovation cannot be overrated. Approximately 80 per cent of all R&D is conducted in developed economies. In turn, some of the knowledge of these countries flows into and creates the stimulus for new ideas in less developed and less R&D intensive economies through technology transfers. The degree of R&D intensity in an economy is determined by a number of factors that range from macroeconomic stability and sound public policies, to the development of human capital and an openness to ideas. In a constantly changing international environment, countries need to find their own ways to innovative in order to remain competitive. Even resource abundant economies are now seeking to diversify economic resources, and an important aspect of this drive is building the capacity to tap into a continuously growing stock of global knowledge and, in doing do, tailoring it to meet local needs.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC RESEARCHACCREDITATIONADVANCED TRAININGAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAGRICULTUREAPPLIED RESEARCHBACKBONEBASICBUSINESS STUDIESBUSINESSESCAPABILITIESCAPABILITYCAPACITY BUILDINGCAREERSCATALYTIC ROLECOLLABORATIONCOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURECOMMUNITIESCOMPETITIVENESSCOMPONENTSCOMPUTERIZATIONCONNECTIVITYDEGREESDEVELOPMENT PROJECTSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION DEPARTMENTEDUCATION SYSTEMSELECTRONICSELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGYEMPLOYMENTENGINEERINGENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENTENTERPRISE SECTORENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYEQUIPMENTEXPORT OPPORTUNITIESFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFISHERIESFLOW OF INFORMATIONFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN INVESTMENTFUNDING MECHANISMSGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL KNOWLEDGEGLOBAL KNOWLEDGE BASEGLOBAL KNOWLEDGE ECONOMYGOVERNMENT POLICYHARMONIZATIONHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCEHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTICTINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION FLOWSINFORMATION INFRASTRUCTUREINNOVATIONINNOVATIONSINSPECTIONSINSTITUTIONINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKINTEGRATIONINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSINTERNATIONAL BUSINESSINTERNET SERVICESIT INFRASTRUCTUREKNOW-HOWKNOWLEDGE BASEKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYKNOWLEDGE STRATEGIESLABOR MARKETSLABORATORIESLEARNINGLIFELONG LEARNINGLITERACYLIVESTOCKMEDIUM ENTERPRISESMETROLOGYMOVEMENT OF GOODSNARSNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMSNETWORKSNEW TECHNOLOGIESNEW TECHNOLOGYPEER REVIEWPOLICY FORMULATIONPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLICY FRAMEWORKSPRIVATE PARTNERSHIPSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENTPRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTPRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATIONPRODUCTIVITYPROGRAMSPROJECT MANAGEMENTQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMSR&DREGULATORY FRAMEWORKRESEARCH CAPACITYRESEARCH CENTERSRESEARCH EVALUATIONRESEARCH INSTITUTESRESEARCH INSTITUTIONSRESEARCH PROGRAMSRESEARCH RESULTSRESEARCH SECTORRESEARCHERSRESULTRURAL DEVELOPMENTSCHOOLSSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE EDUCATIONSCIENCE RESEARCHSCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCESCIENTIFIC LITERACYSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTSCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSCIENTISTSCIENTISTSSEMICONDUCTORSEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRYSEMICONDUCTORSSOCIAL SCIENCESSTANDARDIZATIONSUPERVISIONTARGETSTAX INCENTIVESTEACHERTEACHINGTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNICAL EDUCATIONTECHNICAL SKILLSTECHNICAL STANDARDSTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCESTECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIESTECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITYTECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTTECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONTECHNOLOGICAL SUPPORTTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTTECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURETECHNOLOGY INITIATIVESTECHNOLOGY SECTORTECHNOLOGY SUPPORTTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERSTELECOMMUNICATIONSTELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICESTERTIARY EDUCATIONTRAINING NEEDSTRANSACTIONUNIVERSAL ACCESSUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY LIBRARIESUSERUSER GROUPSWIRELESSWIRELESS SERVICESWORKERSWORLD TRADEhttps://doi.org/10.1596/19331