Ianchovichina, ElenaMartin, Will2014-02-252014-02-252004-01World Bank Economic Reviewhttps://hdl.handle.net/10986/17152This article presents estimates of the impact of China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). China is estimated to be the biggest beneficiary (US$31 billion a year from trade reforms in preparation for accession and additional gains of $10 billion a year from reforms after accession), followed by its major trading partners that also undertake liberalization, including the economies in North America, Western Europe, and Taiwan (China). Accession will boost manufacturing sectors in China, especially textiles and apparel, which will benefit directly from the removal of export quotas. Developing economies competing with China in third markets may suffer small losses. Accession will have important distributional consequences for China, with the wages of skilled and unskilled nonfarm workers rising in real terms and relative to those of farm workers. Possible policy changes, including reductions in barriers to labor mobility and improvements in rural education, could more than offset these negative impacts and facilitate the development of China's economy.en-USCC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGOACCESSIONACCESSION AGREEMENTACCESSION COMMITMENTSACCESSION PROCESSACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONACCESSION TO WTOADVERSE IMPACTSAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIESAGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIESAGRICULTURAL INCENTIVESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTURAL PROTECTIONAGRICULTURAL RETURNSAGRICULTURAL SECTORSAGRICULTURAL TRADEAGRICULTURAL TRADE POLICIESAGRICULTUREAPPARELAUTOMOBILE SECTORAVERAGE TARIFFSBARRIERBENCHMARKBENCHMARK DATACAPITAL ACCUMULATIONCAPITAL GOODSCAPITAL PER WORKERCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITIVE MARKETSCOMPETITIVENESSCONSTANT ELASTICITY OF TRANSFORMATIONCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALECONSUMER DEMANDSCONSUMER PRICESCONTINGENT PROTECTIONCUSTOMS UNIONDEVELOPING ECONOMIESDEVELOPING ECONOMYDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC MARKETSDOWNWARD PRESSUREDUTY EXEMPTIONSECONOMIC COOPERATIONECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INTEGRATIONECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC RELATIONSECONOMIES OF SCALEELASTICITYEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATE REGIMEEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT PROCESSINGEXPORT PRODUCTIONEXPORT QUOTASEXPORT SECTOREXPORT SUBSIDIESEXPORT SUBSIDYEXPORT TAXEXPORTERSEXPORTSFINANCIAL FLOWSFINANCIAL REFORMFOREIGN COMPETITIONFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN ENTRYFOREIGN FIRMSFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN OWNERSHIPFOREIGN TECHNOLOGYFOREIGN TRADEFREE TRADEFULL EMPLOYMENTGDPGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELGLOBAL ECONOMYGLOBAL MARKETGLOBAL TRADEGLOBAL TRADE ANALYSISGOVERNMENT BUDGETGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATESHARMONIZATIONHUMAN CAPITALIMPORT PROTECTIONINCOMESINDUSTRIAL COUNTRYINDUSTRIAL STRUCTUREINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINSURANCEINTENSIVE INDUSTRIESINTENSIVE PRODUCTSINTERMEDIATE GOODSINTERMEDIATE INPUTSINTERNATIONAL CAPITALINTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWSINTERNATIONAL TRADELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET DISTORTIONSLABOR MARKET POLICIESLABOR-INTENSIVEMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESMANUFACTURING SECTORSMARGINAL COSTMARKET BARRIERSMERCHANDISE TRADE LIBERALIZATIONMULTILATERAL AGREEMENTMULTILATERAL TRADENATURAL RESOURCENEGATIVE PROTECTIONNEWLY INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIESNONTARIFF BARRIERSOPEN ECONOMYOUTPUTOUTPUTSPER CAPITA INCOMEPOLICY CHANGESPOLICY REFORMPOLICY REFORMSPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONPRODUCTION STRUCTUREPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPRODUCTIVITY INCREASESPROTECTION DATAPROTECTION MEASURESPROTECTIVE IMPACTQUOTA RENTSRAPID GROWTHRATES OF PROTECTIONREAL INCOMEREGISTRATION REQUIREMENTSROUND AGREEMENTRURAL AREASRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL LABORRURAL SECTORRURAL WAGESRURAL WORKERSSAFEGUARD ACTIONSSAVINGSSERVICE SECTORSSERVICES DIMENSIONSERVICES SECTORSSKILLED WORKERSSOCIAL SAFETY NETSTATE ENTERPRISESTATE ENTERPRISESSTATE TRADINGSTATUTORY TARIFFSTATUTORY TARIFF RATESSTRUCTURAL CHANGETARIFF BINDINGSTARIFF CUTSTARIFF DATATARIFF EQUIVALENTTARIFF LEVELSTARIFF LIBERALIZATIONTARIFF RATESTARIFF REDUCTIONSTAX RATETAX REVENUESTELECOMMUNICATIONSTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHTRADE BALANCETRADE DATATRADE FLOWSTRADE NEGOTIATIONSTRADE PARTNERSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE REFORMTRADE REFORMSTRADE REGIMETRADE RULESTRADE VOLUMESTRADING PARTNERTRADING PARTNERSTRADING SYSTEMTRANSACTION COSTTRANSITIONAL PRODUCTUNDERESTIMATESUNSKILLED LABORUNSKILLED WORKERSURBAN AREASURBAN EMPLOYMENTURBAN UNEMPLOYMENTURBAN WORKERSURBAN-RURAL INCOME DIFFERENTIALSURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE ADDEDVALUE OF IMPORTSWHOLESALE PRICESWORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORSWORLD ECONOMYWORLD MARKETSWORLD PRICESWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADING SYSTEMWTOWTO ACCESSIONWTO COMMITMENTSWTO MEMBERSWTO MEMBERSHIPWTO RULESJournal ArticleWorld Bank10.1596/17152