Alvesson, Helle M.Mulder-Sibanda, Menno2014-04-162014-04-162013-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17848The objective of this review was to study where community-based family planning and nutrition programs have been integrated, how this has been accomplished, and what the results have been. Although family planning is a nontraditional intervention in community-based nutrition programs, it can have profound effects on maternal and child health and nutrition. When family planning does not occur, short intervals between pregnancies deplete mothers' reserves of nutrients needed for pregnancy and later for breastfeeding. As a result, short birth intervals are associated with higher maternal and neonatal mortality and malnutrition rates of infants. Family planning, which promotes contraceptive use and the lactational amenorrhea method, can thus improve nutrition outcomes in both mothers and babies. The authors identified a few studies on integrated services in the published literature; thus the main part of the review is built on operational research studies and unpublished smaller scale intervention studies. However, the controlled studies that were identified indicate positive correlation between breastfeeding levels and increased contraception use. Additionally, although the design of the intervention studies did not make it possible to assess the degree to which integration had an impact, the studies did highlight factors that were key to a successful integration process. These are community engagement; multiple and frequent contact points between mothers, community volunteers, and health workers; involvement of husbands; moving implementation decisions closer to the users of the program; and assuring transparency, clarity, and simplicity in the transmission of development objectives to communities.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABORTIONACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNINGACCESS TO HEALTH CAREADOLESCENT GIRLSADOLESCENT PREGNANCIESADOLESCENTSAGE OF MARRIAGEANTENATAL CAREANTENATAL VISITSAVAILABILITY OF FAMILY PLANNINGBABIESBABYBASIC HEALTH CAREBEHAVIOR CHANGEBIRTH CONTROLBREAST MILKBREASTFEEDINGCARE DURING PREGNANCYCHILD DEVELOPMENTCHILD HEALTHCHILD HEALTH SERVICESCHILD MARRIAGECHILD MORTALITYCHILD MORTALITY RATECHILD MORTALITY RATESCHILD NUTRITIONCHILD SURVIVALCHILDBEARINGCHILDBIRTHCHILDREN PER WOMANCLINICSCOMMUNITY HEALTHCOMPLEMENTARY FOODCONDOMSCONTRACEPTIONCONTRACEPTIVE METHODCONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCECONTRACEPTIVE SERVICESCONTRACEPTIVE USECOUNSELORSDECLINES IN FERTILITYDELIVERY CAREDEMOGRAPHIC TARGETSDEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVESDIABETESDISEASESEARLY CHILDBEARINGECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC STATUSEMERGENCY OBSTETRIC CAREEXCHANGE OF INFORMATIONEXISTING FAMILY PLANNINGFAMILIESFAMILY HEALTHFAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONALFAMILY PLANNINGFAMILY PLANNING METHODSFAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMSFAMILY PLANNING SERVICESFAMILY SIZEFERTILITYFERTILITY RATEFERTILITY RATESFEWER PREGNANCIESFIRST PREGNANCYFORMS OF CONTRACEPTIONGENDER ISSUESGLOBAL POLICYHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE PROVIDERSHEALTH CARE SERVICESHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH EDUCATIONHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INDICATORSHEALTH INTERVENTIONSHEALTH MESSAGESHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH SECTORHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTH SYSTEMSHEALTH WORKERSHIGH CHILD MORTALITYHIVHOME VISITSHOSPITALHOSPITALSHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSHUSBANDSHYGIENEILL-HEALTHILLNESSIMMUNIZATIONIMMUNIZATIONSIMMUNODEFICIENCYINDIVIDUAL WOMENINFANTINFANT FEEDINGINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATEINFANT MORTALITY RATESINFANT NUTRITIONINTEGRATING FAMILY PLANNINGINTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSINTERVENTIONIODINE DEFICIENCYIRONIUDIUDSLACTATIONAL AMENORRHEALACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHODLAMLARGE FAMILIESLAWSLIVE BIRTHSLOCAL COMMUNITYLONGITUDINAL RESEARCHLOW-INCOME SETTINGSMALE INVOLVEMENTMALNOURISHED CHILDRENMATERNAL CAREMATERNAL DEATHSMATERNAL HEALTHMATERNAL MORTALITYMATERNAL MORTALITY RATEMATERNAL MORTALITY RATESMATERNAL MORTALITY RATIOMATERNAL NUTRITIONMATERNITY SERVICESMEDICAL FACILITIESMIDWIFEMIDWIFERYMIDWIVESMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF HEALTHMODERN CONTRACEPTIVESMORBIDITYMORTALITYMORTALITY AMONG INFANTSMORTALITY REDUCTIONSMOTHERNATIONAL DRUGNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL POPULATIONNATIONAL POPULATION POLICYNEONATAL MORTALITYNEWBORNSNUMBER OF CHILDRENNUMBER OF WOMENNURSESNUTRITIONNUTRITION EDUCATIONNUTRITIONAL STATUSORAL CONTRACEPTIVESOUTREACH WORKERSPEER GROUPSPILLPOPULATION CONTROLPOPULATION GROWTHPOSTABORTIONPOSTABORTION CAREPOSTNATAL CAREPOSTPARTUM PERIODPRACTITIONERSPREGNANCIESPREGNANCYPREGNANT WOMENPREVENTIVE HEALTH CAREPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPROGRESSPROMOTION OF FAMILY PLANNINGPROVISION OF FAMILY PLANNINGPUBERTYPUBLIC DEBATEPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH SERVICESQUALITY OF SERVICESRADIORELIGIOUS LEADERSREPRODUCTIVE AGEREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICESRISK OF DEATHROLE MODELSRURAL AREASSAFE MOTHERHOODSANITATIONSCIENTIFIC EVIDENCESCREENINGSERVICE DELIVERYSEXUALLY ACTIVESIBLINGSSKILLED PERSONNELSMALL FAMILIESSMALLER FAMILIESSOCIAL SERVICESSTILLBIRTHSURGERYTEENAGE GIRLSTEENAGE PREGNANCIESTEENAGERSUNFPAUNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUNDUNMARRIED ADOLESCENTUNMARRIED WOMENUSE OF FAMILY PLANNINGUSE OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODSVACCINATIONVILLAGE CHIEFSVOLUNTARY FAMILY PLANNINGWOMANWORKERSWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG CHILDYOUNG CHILDREN10.1596/17848