World Bank2014-05-222014-05-222010-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18379Climate change is both a cause and an effect of biodiversity change. Along with anthropogenic dispersion, climate change is the main driver of change in the geographical distribution of both beneficial and harmful species, crops, livestock, harvested wild species, pests, predators and pathogens. And the capacity of ecosystems to adapt to climate change depends on the diversity of species they currently support. This paper considers the connection between climate, biodiversity and ecosystem services. The impact of climate change on human wellbeing is measured by the change in ecosystem services caused by climate related change in biodiversity. Similarly, the role of species richness and abundance in climate change mitigation or adaptation is measured by the change in the climate-related services of biodiversity. The categories of ecosystem services are those applied in the millennium ecosystem assessment. The paper first considers how climate and biodiversity have been linked in recent attempts to link the two things. From the side of the natural sciences, this covers the consequences of climate change for various dimensions of biodiversity. From the side of the social sciences, it covers the value of biodiversity in the carbon cycle. It then uses insights from the economic treatment of the relation between biodiversity and ecosystem services to re-evaluate the connection between biodiversity and climate change, and to draw conclusions for climate policy.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCESACIDIFICATIONACIDITYADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGEAGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATIONAGRICULTURAL LANDSAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTURAL PRACTICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL SYSTEMSAIRAIR QUALITYALBEDOANIMAL DISEASESANIMAL HEALTHANIMALSANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIESATMOSPHEREBALD EAGLEBASESBASINBENEFIT STREAMSBIOCHEMICALSBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CHANGEBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIODIVERSITY LOSSBIOECONOMIC MODELSBIOLOGICAL RESOURCESBIOMASSBIOMESBIOSPHEREBIOTABIOTIC RESOURCESCANOPYCARBONCARBON CYCLECARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON SOURCESCH4CHEMICAL COMPOUNDSCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOSCLIMATE REGULATIONCLIMATESCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCLIMATIC REGULATIONCOCO2CO2 FLUXCOASTAL PROTECTIONCOASTAL ZONESCOMBUSTIONCONDITIONALITYCONSERVATION OF SPECIESCONSERVATION VALUECORAL REEFSDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDISCOUNT RATESDIVERGENCEDRINKING WATERECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONSECOLOGICAL PROCESSESECOLOGISTSECOLOGYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMISTSECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENTECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENTECOSYSTEM RESILIENCEECOSYSTEM SERVICESECOSYSTEMSELEVATIONSEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEENDEMISMENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMISTSENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL VARIATIONEQUILIBRIUMEQUITABLE SHARINGEROSION CONTROLEXPLOITATIONEXTERNALITIESEXTINCTIONFERTILIZERSFIREFISHERIESFLOOD CONTROLFOOD CHAINFOOD PRODUCTIONFORAGEFOREST AREAFOREST CONSERVATIONFOREST ECOSYSTEMFOREST LANDFOREST SECTORFOREST SYSTEMSFORESTRYFORESTSFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSFUNCTIONAL DIVERSITYGENETIC DIVERSITYGENETIC INFORMATIONGENETIC MATERIALGENETIC RESOURCESGHGGHGSGRASSLANDSGRASSLANDS FOR AGRICULTUREGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION REDUCTIONSGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESHABITATHIGHER LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITYHYDROLOGICAL CYCLEHYDROSPHEREIMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF POLLUTIONINSECT PESTSINTEGRATED ASSESSMENTINTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELSINTERNATIONAL BIODIVERSITYINVASIVE SPECIESIPCCLABOR FORCELAKESLAND AREALAND COVERLAND RESOURCESLAND USELAND USE CHANGELAND USESLANDSCAPELEMURLIVING ORGANISMSLOCAL COMMUNITIESMARGINAL COSTMARINE ECOSYSTEMSMARINE FOODMARINE MAMMALSMARINE SYSTEMSMARKET PRICESMARSHESMORTALITY RATEN2ONATIONAL INCOMENATIVE SPECIESNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL RESOURCE BASENATURAL RESOURCESNATURENEGATIVE EFFECTSNITROGENNUTRIENTSOCEANSPASTURESPATHOGENSPESTICIDESPHARMACEUTICALSPHOTOSYNTHESISPOLLENPOLLUTIONPOPULATION DENSITYPRECIPITATIONPREDATORPREDATORSPREFERENCESPRODUCTION FUNCTIONSPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC GOODPUBLIC GOODSRAINFALLRAINFALL VARIABILITYRANGELANDSRECYCLINGRED LISTREGENERATIONRELATIVE VALUEREPTILESRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRIPARIAN CORRIDORSSHORELINESHORELINE PROTECTIONSMALL WATERSHEDSSOIL EROSIONSPECIESSPECIES DISTRIBUTIONSSPECIES DIVERSITYSPECIES RICHNESSSTATED PREFERENCE METHODSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTEMPERATURETERRESTRIAL CARBONTERRESTRIAL CARBON SEQUESTRATIONTERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSTHREATS TO BIODIVERSITYTHRESHOLDSTIMBERTIMBER FORESTTIMBER FOREST PRODUCTSTOURISMTRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGETROPICAL FORESTSTROPICSVALUATIONVARIETYVEGETATIONWASTE ASSIMILATIONWATER QUALITYWEEDSWELFARE FUNCTIONWILD SPECIESWILLINGNESS TO PAYhttps://doi.org/10.1596/18379