World Bank2013-11-132013-11-132013-07-29https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16255Employment and skills are at the core of Europe 2020, the European Union's (EU) competitiveness strategy, and are decisive for high productivity and sustained growth. Romania has overcome significant challenges on its path to EU membership and in the early years thereafter. However, the Romanian economy has recently come under pressure as a result of the economic crisis and because important reforms in employment and education have not yet been completed. The Europe 2020 Romania report discusses the key challenges currently faced by Romania in the area of productive employment, and proposes a set of steps the Romanian government could consider in order to reach the Europe 2020 targets. Skills remain a major challenge. In particular, there is insufficient provision of the higher level generic and technical skills needed for a modern and competitive economy, including skills for technological innovation and absorption of new technologies. While Romania performs comparatively well in terms of higher education participation rates, there are concerns about early school leavers and the quality of provision, in particular at the tertiary level but also at earlier stages. Skills shortages are a major constraint to economic growth, together with labor participation. For Romania to achieve its Europe 2020 employment target it must increase employment rates, starting with the labor force participation of women, youth and older workers. Achieving the Europe 2020 employment target in Romania thus hinges especially on increasing the labor force participation of the population beyond the age of 55, especially of women. Romania could expand its labor force by at least 25 percent if older workers fulfilled their participation potential. This report argues that by combining policies in two key areas, Romania can achieve its Europe 2020 employment target and go beyond that. The most relevant policy factors under the two pillars: 1) in the short and medium term, policy reforms to enable a faster dynamic of job creation by the private sector; and 2) in the short to longer term, policies to foster the adaptability and productivity of a shrinking and aging workforce.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO EMPLOYMENTACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIESACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSADULT EDUCATIONAGE GROUPAGE GROUPSAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITYAVERAGE WAGEBANKING SECTORBANKRUPTCY PROCEDURESBENEFIT ANALYSISBIG CITIESBUDGET CONSTRAINTSBUSINESS CYCLECAPITAL INVESTMENTSCHILD DEVELOPMENTCITIZENSCLEARINGHOUSECOLLECTIVE AGREEMENTSCOMPETITIVE ECONOMYCONSOLIDATIONDEBTDEFICITSDEMOGRAPHICSDISADVANTAGED GROUPSDISSEMINATIONDRIVERSEARLY CHILDHOODECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC PROBLEMSECONOMIC TRANSITIONEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONSEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT CREATIONEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT LEVELSEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT PATTERNSEMPLOYMENT PERFORMANCEEMPLOYMENT PROSPECTSEMPLOYMENT RATEEMPLOYMENT SERVICESEMPLOYMENT SITUATIONENTREPRENEURSHIPETHNIC MINORITIESEXTERNAL MIGRATIONFINANCIAL RESOURCESFISCAL POLICYFOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONSFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFREE TRADEGENDER GAPGOVERNMENT EXPENDITURESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHARD BUDGET CONSTRAINTSHEALTH CONTRIBUTIONSHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATEHIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATESHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESIMPORTANT POLICYINFLATIONINFORMAL SECTORINNOVATIONINTERNATIONAL MARKETSINTERPERSONAL SKILLSJOB CREATIONJOB DESTRUCTIONJOB OPPORTUNITIESJOB SEARCHJOB SEARCH ASSISTANCEJOB SEARCHESJOB TRAININGJOB VACANCYJOBLESS GROWTHJOBSLABOR CODELABOR COSTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITYLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET PERFORMANCELABOR MARKET PROGRAMLABOR MARKET RIGIDITIESLABOR MARKETSLABOR POLICIESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR SUPPLYLABOR SURVEYSLEGAL STATUSLEVEL OF DEVELOPMENTLIFE-LONG LEARNINGLIFELONG LEARNINGLIVING CONDITIONSLIVING STANDARDSLOW EMPLOYMENTMACROECONOMIC CONDITIONSMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMACROECONOMIC STABILIZATIONMARKET ECONOMYMATHEMATICSMINORITYMODERNIZATIONMONETARY POLICYNATIONAL EFFORTSNUMBER OF PEOPLEOCCUPATIONSOLDER ADULTSOLDER WORKERSON-THE-JOB TRAININGOVEREMPLOYMENTPARTICIPATION OF WOMENPENSIONSPOLICY FORMULATIONPOLICY FRAMEWORKPOLICY MAKERSPOPULAR SUPPORTPOPULATION PROJECTIONSPREVIOUS SECTIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIVATE CONSUMPTIONPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCT MARKETPRODUCT MARKET REGULATIONPRODUCT MARKETSPRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENTPRODUCTIVITY GAINSPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPRODUCTIVITY LEVELSPROGRESSPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC FINANCEPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESPURCHASING POWERQUALITY OF EDUCATIONREGIONAL LABOR OFFICERESOURCE ALLOCATIONRETIREMENTRISING UNEMPLOYMENTRURAL AREASRURAL LABORRURAL POVERTYRURAL RESIDENCESECONDARY EDUCATIONSECTORAL POLICIESSKILLED LABORSKILLS DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL BENEFITSSOCIAL FACTORSSOCIAL NORMSSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL SECURITYSUBSIDIARYSUBSISTENCE FARMINGSUPPLY CHAINSTAX ADMINISTRATIONTAX RATESTAXATIONTECHNICAL SKILLSTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGETERTIARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY LEVELTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTRADE UNIONSTRAINING PROVIDERSTRAINING SYSTEMTRANSACTIONS COSTSTRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGYTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSPORTUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED PEOPLEUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT FIGURESUNEMPLOYMENT RATESURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERSVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVULNERABLE GROUPSWAGE BILLWAGESWATER SUPPLYWORK FORCEWORKFORCEWORKFORCE DEVELOPMENTWORKING CONDITIONSWORKING-AGE POPULATIONYOUNG MENYOUNG WOMENYOUNG WORKERSYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTWorld Bank10.1596/16255