World Bank2012-06-122012-06-122007-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/7844This study is intended to help Armenian policymakers better understand the main factors behind modest labor market outcomes and to identify policy options to create more and better jobs. The report is based on data from administrative statistics, labor force surveys, and household surveys. The objective of the study is to determine the main factors behind poor labor market outcomes in Armenia: high unemployment of long duration despite rapid economic growth. To do so, it will assess, first, the key characteristics of the demand for labor. These include (a) the impact of macroeconomic policies on job growth; (b) wage flexibility and unit labor costs; (c) cost-of-doing-business factors, including costs, risks, and barriers to competition faced by firms; and (d) employment promotion legislation and labor market institutions. Recommendations are made on policies that can promote an effective and sustainable increased demand for labor; second, the key characteristics of the supply of labor, including the impact of long-term demographic developments and labor migration, and the impact of social benefits on the reallocation of labor. Policy options are analyzed that can support the development of an efficient supply of labor to a modern high-wage market economy; and, third, the mechanisms by which employers and workers are brought into contact with each other, and recommend policies that support efficient and effective labor market institutions. The report consists of two volumes. Volume I provides an overview of the study and summarizes its conclusions. Volume II provides a more technical and detailed analysis of various aspects of labor market transition in Armenia.CC BY 3.0 IGOACTIVE EMPLOYMENTACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSAGE GROUPSAVERAGE PENSIONSAVERAGE WAGEAVERAGE WAGESBUSINESS PLANSCALCULATIONSCAREER COUNSELINGCOLLATERALCONSUMERCONSUMER GOODSCONTRIBUTIONSDEPENDANTSDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDISADVANTAGED GROUPSDISPLACED WORKERSEARNINGSECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC RECOVERYEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYEEEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT AGENCYEMPLOYMENT GROWTHEMPLOYMENT LEVELSEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESEMPLOYMENT OUTLOOKEMPLOYMENT POLICYEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSEMPLOYMENT PROTECTION LEGISLATIONEMPLOYMENT RATEEMPLOYMENT SERVICEEMPLOYMENT SITUATIONEMPLOYMENT STATUSENTREPRENEURIAL ABILITIESFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL MARKETSFINDING WORKGROSS WAGESHIGH EMPLOYMENTHIGH UNEMPLOYMENTHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALINCOMEINFLATIONINFORMAL SECTORINNOVATIONSINTEREST RATESJOB COUNSELINGJOB CREATIONJOB DESTRUCTIONJOB LOSSJOB LOSSESJOB PLACEMENTJOB PLACEMENT SERVICESJOB SEARCHJOB SEARCH ASSISTANCEJOB SEEKERJOB SEEKERSJOBLESS GROWTHJOBSLABOR COSTLABOR COSTSLABOR DEMANDLABOR DISPUTESLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE GROWTHLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR LAWSLABOR LEGISLATIONLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET ADJUSTMENTLABOR MARKET CONDITIONSLABOR MARKET FLEXIBILITYLABOR MARKET INFORMATIONLABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONSLABOR MARKET INTERVENTIONSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKET PERFORMANCELABOR MARKET POLICIESLABOR MARKET POLICYLABOR MARKET SERVICESLABOR MARKET SITUATIONLABOR MARKET TRANSITIONLABOR MARKETSLABOR MIGRATIONLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR RELATIONSLABOR RESOURCESLABOR SUPPLYLABOURLABOUR FORCELABOUR MARKETLABOUR OFFICELARGE ENTERPRISESLIFELONG LEARNINGLIVING STANDARDSLOCAL EMPLOYERSLOCAL LABOR MARKETSLONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENTLOSS OF EMPLOYMENTMARKET TRENDSMINIMUM WAGEMINIMUM WAGESMONTHLY INCOMEMORTALITYMOTIVATIONNEW JOBSOCCUPATIONOLDER PEOPLEOLDER WOMENOLDER WORKERSON-THE-JOB TRAININGON-THE-JOB TRAINING PROGRAMSPART-TIME EMPLOYMENTPAYROLL TAXESPENSIONPENSIONSPERMANENT JOBSPRIMARY SOURCEPRIVATE COMPANIESPRIVATE EMPLOYMENTPRIVATE ENTERPRISESPRIVATE FIRMSPRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR EMPLOYEESPRIVATE SECTOR JOBSPRODUCTIVITY DIFFERENTIALPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICESPUBLIC SECTOR DOWNSIZINGPUBLIC SERVICESPUBLIC WORKSPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMSPURCHASING POWERRAPID GROWTHREAL WAGESREGULAR JOBRETAIL TRADERETIREMENTRETIREMENT AGERURAL EMPLOYMENTSECONDARY EDUCATIONSERVICE SECTORSERVICE SECTORSSKILL REQUIREMENTSSKILLED WORKERSSKILLED WORKFORCESMALL BUSINESSSMALL BUSINESSESSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL BENEFITSSOCIAL FUNDSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESTATE PENSIONSSTATE-OWNED ENTERPRISESSUBSIDIZED EMPLOYMENTTAX RATESTEMPORARY EMPLOYMENTTEMPORARY JOBSTEMPORARY WORKTOTAL EMPLOYMENTTRADE UNIONSTRAINING CONTENTTRAINING INSTITUTIONSTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING SYSTEMUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED ADULTSUNEMPLOYED INDIVIDUALSUNEMPLOYED JOB SEEKERSUNEMPLOYED PEOPLEUNEMPLOYED YOUTHUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCEUNEMPLOYMENT LEVELSUNEMPLOYMENT RATEUNEMPLOYMENT RATESUNEMPLOYMENT SPELLUNPAID FAMILY WORKERSUNSKILLED LABORURBAN UNEMPLOYMENTVALUABLEVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL REHABILITATIONVOCATIONAL SCHOOLVOCATIONAL TRAININGWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWAGE INEQUALITYWAGE LEVELSWAGE POLICIESWITHDRAWALWORKERWORKERSWORKING CONDITIONSWORKING HOURSWORLD MARKETSYOUNG PEOPLEYOUNG WOMENYOUTH EMPLOYMENTYOUTH LABORYOUTH UNEMPLOYMENTWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/7844