World Bank2013-03-282013-03-282012-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13038Climate Friendly Technologies (CFT) reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by reducing the carbon content of economic activity. Climate change due to greenhouse gases is expected to affect many sectors, and present risks to many Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies in Asia. These risks include falling freshwater availability, rainfall volatility, frequent hurricanes and droughts, and a greater risk of coastal flooding. All these will cause significant negative impacts on APEC member economies. Given that APEC economies account for more than half of global GHG emissions, the adoption of emissions reducing CFTs in this region is critically important for the global emissions mitigation agenda. This report, first, describes the wide range of different CFTs already in use in middle-income APEC economies and their potential. As such, it is a comprehensive reference on CFTs that are used and produced in middle-income APEC economies, and on the factors that have contributed to their uptake, including domestic Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) legislation and energy security policies. This report combines regional reviews and analyses with country level analyses of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Second, it discusses the potential of further use and production of CFTs in APEC economies and the challenges facing their adoption. Third, it attempts to identify CFTs that have the most potential for further use. For example, this report identifies wind power technologies in Thailand as one of two CFTs with the most potential for further expansion of installed capacity and that may benefit the most from targeted trade and investment policies. Finally, the report addresses issues concerning the design of effective technology-based policies that support economic development through the adoption of CFTs. First, this will require a substantial mobilization of international investments in CFTs. An additional US$ 200 billion annually by 2030 is the estimated level of investment required to return GHG emissions to current levels.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTABSOLUTE EMISSIONSACIDACID RAINADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGEAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION PROBLEMSALLOCATIONALUMINUMANNUAL GLOBAL EMISSIONSANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONSAPPROACHAVAILABILITYBALANCEBIOMASSBUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIOCALCULATIONCAPITAL COSTSCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON INTENSITYCARBON PRICECARBON PRICESCARBON TAXCEMENTCLEAN ENERGYCLEANER ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE ECONOMICSCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTSCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE ECONOMICSCLIMATE LEGISLATIONCLIMATE POLICYCLIMATE-CHANGECLIMATE-CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATIC CHANGESCOCO2COALCOAL CONSUMPTIONCOAL PRICESCOAL PRODUCTIONCOASTAL AREASCONSUMER DEMANDCONSUMPTION OF COALCONVERGENCECOST-BENEFITCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISCOST-BENEFIT FRAMEWORKCOST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSISCUMULATIVE EMISSIONSDAMAGESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDISCOUNT RATEDISTRIBUTION OF COSTSDIVERGENCEDOMESTIC OILDOMESTIC OIL PRODUCTIONECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC IMPACTECONOMIC INDICATORSECONOMIC PERSPECTIVEECONOMIC POLICIESELECTRICITYELECTRICITY DISPATCHELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY SECTOREMISSIONEMISSION CONTROLEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS CONTROLEMISSIONS FROM COALEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS GROWTHEMISSIONS INTENSITYEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS TARGETSENERGY BILLSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY COSTSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY INTENSITYENERGY INTENSIVEENERGY MARKETSENERGY POLICIESENERGY PRICEENERGY PRICESENERGY PRICINGENERGY PRODUCTIONENERGY SECURITYENERGY SHORTAGESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUBSIDIESENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONSENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL GOALSENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMESENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONFEASIBILITYFINANCIAL ASSISTANCEFINANCIAL CONSTRAINTSFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL SECTORFISCAL POLICIESFLOODSFORESTFOREST COVERAGEFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST STOCKFORESTRYFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONSFOSSIL FUEL USEFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFUEL COSTSGASGASOLINEGASOLINE PRICESGASOLINE TAXGHGGLOBAL EMISSIONSGREEN PAPERGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESGROWTH IN DEMANDHEAVY INDUSTRYHIGH ENERGY INTENSITYHIGHER ENERGY PRICESHYDROGENIMPORTSINCOMEINCOME HOUSEHOLDSINSURANCEINVESTMENT DECISIONSMARGINAL UTILITYMARKET DISTORTIONSMARKET FAILURESMITIGATION TECHNOLOGIESNATIONAL EMISSIONSOILOIL CRISISOIL EQUIVALENTOIL IMPORTSOIL PRODUCTIONOIL USEPER CAPITA INCOMEPOLICY MAKERSPOWER SECTORPOWER SHORTAGESPRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLEPRESENT VALUEPRICE OF COALPRIMARY ENERGYPRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTIONPROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONPROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONSR&D FUNDINGRAINFALLRATIO OF ENERGY CONSUMPTIONREDUCTION IN EMISSIONSRELATIVE PRICERENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTSRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGYRESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGESOLAR POWERSUBSTITUTIONSULPHURSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTAX CREDITSTAX RATESTOTAL EMISSIONSTRADITIONAL ENERGY SECTORTRADITIONAL FUELSTRANSMISSION CONSTRAINTSTRANSPORT SECTORUNCERTAINTIESUTILITIESVEHICLESWELFARE CONSEQUENCESWINDWIND ENERGYWIND INDUSTRYWIND POWERWORLD ENERGYWorld Bank10.1596/13038