World Bank2017-07-172017-07-172010https://hdl.handle.net/10986/27573Urbanization and climate change will define much of the 21st century. Urbanization leads to improvement in standards of living, and through the increased density and service delivery efficiency of cities, higher growth can be achieved with lower greenhouse gas emissions. Cities and urban agglomerations house more than 50 percent of the global population and contribute more than 70 percent of Global greenhouse (GHG) emissions. As the share of urban population grows, sustainable urban development emerges as an essential component in addressing climate change. Mitigation often comes at a significant cost. Carbon finance has an important role to play in reducing these costs. Carbon finance is accessible through regulated mechanisms, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) under the Kyoto Protocol, and through voluntary markets, using the voluntary carbon standard and climate exchanges. City authorities, however, have not been able to fully access market mechanisms for carbon credits.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSORPTIONACIDIFICATIONAFFORESTATIONAIRAIR CONDITIONINGAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYALTERNATIVE FUELSALTERNATIVE ROUTESANAEROBIC DIGESTIONAPPROACHATMOSPHEREAUTOMOBILESBIOGASBIOMASSBOILERSBUSBUS LANEBUS STATIONSBUS SYSTEMBUS TRANSPORTBUSESCALCULATIONCARBONCARBON CAPTURECARBON CONTENTCARBON CREDITSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FINANCECARBON FUELSCARBON MARKETCARBON MARKETSCARBON MONOXIDECARBON NEUTRALITYCARBON SINKCARBON TECHNOLOGIESCARBON TRANSPORTCARSCERTIFIED EMISSIONS REDUCTIONSCH4CHARCOAL PRODUCTIONCITY TRANSPORTATIONCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE SYSTEMCOCO2COALCOAL OILCOMBUSTIONCOMPOSTINGCONDITIONERSCONGESTIONCONGESTION CHARGINGCONGESTION MITIGATIONCONGESTION REDUCTIONCONGESTION RELIEFCONSTRUCTION MATERIALSCONVERGENCECYCLONESDEFORESTATIONDIESELDIESEL GENERATORSDISPOSABLE INCOMEDISTRICT HEATINGDRIVERSDRIVINGDROUGHTEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSELECTRICITYEMERGENCY RESPONSEEMISSIONEMISSION ALLOWANCESEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION COMMITMENTSEMISSION REDUCTION MEASURESEMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAMEMISSION REDUCTION TARGETSEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS ANALYSISEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS FROM ENERGYEMISSIONS SCENARIOEMISSIONS TRADING PROGRAMSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIESENERGY GENERATIONENERGY SOURCESENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSETHANOLFERTILIZERSFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL SAVINGSFLEET MANAGEMENTFORESTFOREST MANAGEMENTFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFREIGHTFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL ECONOMYFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL SWITCHINGGASOLINEGHGGHGSGLOBAL EMISSIONSGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASESGLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONGREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORYGREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATIONGREENHOUSE GASESGWPHEAT DEMANDHEATING SYSTEMSHIGHWAYHIGHWAY SYSTEMHYBRID VEHICLESHYDROFLUOROCARBONSINCINERATIONINSPECTIONIPCCLAND USELAND USE CHANGELAND USE PATTERNSLANDFILLLANDFILL GASLANDFILLSLANESLOCAL AIR POLLUTIONLOW-CARBONMARGINAL ABATEMENTMARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTMASS RAPID TRANSITMASS TRANSITMETHANEMETHANE EMISSIONSMOBILITYMODAL SHIFTMODES OF TRAVELN2ONATURAL GASNEGATIVE IMPACTSNITROUS OXIDENONMOTORIZED TRANSPORTORGANIC WASTEOXYGENPARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERPASSENGER TRANSPORTPEDESTRIANPEDESTRIAN COMFORTPEDESTRIAN SAFETYPERFLUOROCARBONSPLASTICSPOWER PLANTSPOWER SUPPLYPRIMARY SOURCESPRIVATE VEHICLESPUBLIC SAFETYPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONRAILRAILWAYRAPID TRANSITRAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMSREDUCTIONS IN CONGESTIONRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESROADROAD MAINTENANCEROAD SPACEROADSROUTESANITATIONSF6SINKSOLAR CELLSSTREET LIGHTINGSTREETLIGHTSSTREETSSUBURBAN SPRAWLSULPHURTAXISTEMPERATURETIRESTOTAL EMISSIONSTRAFFICTRAFFIC LIGHTSTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSTRAFFIC SIGNALSTRANSITTRANSPORTTRANSPORT NETWORKTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONSTRANSPORT SYSTEMSTRANSPORTATION NETWORKSTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRAVEL TIMETRAVEL TIMESTRUCKSURBAN FORESTRYURBAN PLANNERSURBAN TRANSPORTVEHICLEVEHICLE FLEETSVEHICLE FUELVEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCYVEHICLE KILOMETERSVEHICLE OPERATINGVEHICLE OPERATING COSTSVEHICLE REGISTRATIONVEHICLE-KILOMETERVEHICLE-KILOMETERSVEHICLESWINDWIND POWERA City-Wide Approach to Carbon FinancePolicy NoteWorld Bank10.1596/27573