Bold, TessaKimenyi, MwangiMwabu, GermanoSandefur, Justin2014-02-052014-02-052013-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16911In 2003 Kenya abolished user fees in all government primary schools. Analysis of household survey data shows this policy contributed to a shift in demand away from free schools, where net enrollment stagnated after 2003, toward fee-charging private schools, where both enrollment and fee levels grew rapidly after 2003. These shifts had mixed distributional consequences. Enrollment by poorer households increased, but segregation between socio-economic groups also increased. The shift in demand toward private schooling was driven by more affluent households who (i) paid higher ex ante fees and thus experienced a larger reduction in school funding, and (ii) appear to have exited public schools partially in reaction to increased enrollment by poorer children.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABOLITION OF FEESABOLITION OF USER FEESACADEMIC PERFORMANCEACADEMIC YEARSACCESS TO PRIMARY SCHOOLINGADMISSIONS CRITERIAAGGREGATE ENROLLMENTAVERAGE NUMBER OF CHILDRENAVERAGE TEACHER SALARYBETTER SCHOOLSCAPACITY BUILDINGCHILDRENCIVIL SERVICECIVIL SERVICE TEACHERSCLASS SIZECLASS SIZE EFFECTCLASS SIZESCLASS-SIZECLASSROOMCOGNITIVE ACHIEVEMENTCOGNITIVE SKILLSCOMPLETIONCOST OF EDUCATIONDEMAND FOR EDUCATIONDISTRICT EDUCATIONECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMICS OF EDUCATIONEDUCATED CHILDRENEDUCATED STUDENTSEDUCATIONEDUCATION EXPENDITUREEDUCATION LEVELEDUCATION QUALITYEDUCATION SERVICESEDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTEDUCATIONAL EVALUATIONEDUCATIONAL EXPENDITUREELEMENTARY EDUCATIONENROLLMENT FIGURESENROLLMENT GROWTHENROLLMENT INCREASESENROLLMENT RATEEQUAL ACCESSETHNIC DIVERSITYEXAMEXAM PERFORMANCEEXAM SCOREEXAMINATIONEXPENDITURESFEE ABOLITIONFEE REMOVALFEESFREE PRIMARY EDUCATIONFREE SCHOOLSGERGOVERNMENT GRANTSGOVERNMENT PRIMARY SCHOOLSGROSS ENROLLMENTGROSS ENROLLMENT RATESGROUPSHEAD TEACHERHIGH SCHOOLHIGHER ENROLLMENTHIGHER TEST SCORESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN RESOURCESITSKNOWLEDGELEAVING EXAM SCORESLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLITERACYLITERATUREMINIMUM SCHOOLINGMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCILNERNET ENROLLMENTNET ENROLLMENT RATENEW ENTRANTSNUMBER OF PUPILSNUMERACYOPEN ACCESSPAPERSPARENTAL EDUCATIONPARTICIPATIONPARTNERSHIPSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATION POLICYPRIMARY EDUCATION REFORMPRIMARY ENROLLMENTPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENTPRIMARY SCHOOL FEESPRIMARY SCHOOLINGPRIMARY-SCHOOLPRIVATE EDUCATIONPRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIVATE SCHOOLPRIVATE SCHOOLINGPRIVATE SCHOOLSPRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLSPUBLIC EXPENDITUREPUBLIC PRIMARY EDUCATIONPUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLSPUBLIC SCHOOLPUBLIC SCHOOL PUPILSPUBLIC SCHOOLINGPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLSPUPIL FUNDINGPUPIL RATIOSPUPIL TEACHER RATIOSPUPIL-TEACHER RATIOSQUALITY EDUCATIONQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY SCHOOLINGRATE OF ENROLLMENTREASONINGRESEARCHRESEARCH FUNDINGRETENTION RATESSCHOOL AGESCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL BOARDSSCHOOL ENTRYSCHOOL FINANCESCHOOL FUNDINGSCHOOL GOVERNANCESCHOOL LEVELSCHOOL MANAGEMENTSCHOOL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEESSCHOOL OFFICIALSSCHOOL PARTICIPATIONSCHOOL QUALITYSCHOOL RETENTIONSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOL-AGESCHOOL-AGE CHILDRENSCIENCESECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY ENROLLMENTSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENTSECONDARY SCHOOLINGSKILLSSTANDARDIZED TESTSSTATE SCHOOLSSTATISTICSSTUDENTSTUDENTSSTUDIESSTUDYTEACHER EMPLOYMENTTEACHER SALARIESTEACHERSTEACHINGTEACHING STAFFTERTIARY EDUCATIONTESTINGUNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITYVALUESWOMENuser feesWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6685