Mattoo, AadityaMishra, Deepak2012-05-242012-05-242008-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6352Changes in demographics and patterns of investment in human capital are creating increased scope for international trade in professional services. The scope for mutually beneficial trade is, however, inhibited not only by quotas and discriminatory taxation, but also by domestic regulation - including a range of qualification and licensing requirements and procedures. To illustrate the nature and implications of these regulatory impediments, this paper presents a detailed description of the regulatory requirements faced in the United States market by four types of Indian professionals: doctors, engineers, architects, and accountants. India is one of the largest exporters of skilled services, and the United States is one of the largest importers of skilled services, so these two countries reflect broader global trends. The paper argues that regulatory discrimination, for example through preferential recognition agreements, has implications both for the pattern of trade and for welfare. It presents some illustrative estimates that suggest the economic cost of regulations may be substantial. The paper concludes by examining how the trade-inhibiting impact of regulatory requirements could be addressed through bilateral and multilateral negotiations.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCREDITATIONARCHITECTARCHITECTSARCHITECTUREBARRIERS TO ENTRYBOARD MEETINGCANDIDATECANDIDATESCAREERCAREER ADVANCEMENTCERTIFICATECERTIFICATIONCERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTSCHOICE QUESTIONSCOLLEGESCOMMERCIAL PRESENCECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIESCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECONSUMER INTERESTSCONSUMER PROTECTIONCOOPERATION AGREEMENTCOST OF EDUCATIONCOURSE WORKCREDIT HOURSCRITICAL THINKINGDE FACTO DISCRIMINATIONDEGREE PROGRAMSDELAWAREDESCRIPTIONDISCIPLINESDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC REFORMDOMESTIC REGULATIONDOMESTIC REGULATIONSEDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONSEMPLOYMENTENGINEERENGINEERSEXAMEXAMINATION CENTERSEXAMINATION FEESEXAMINATION ­ COSTSEXAMINATIONSEXPORT MARKETSFOREIGN CAPITALFOREIGN ENTRYFOREIGN FIRMSFOREIGN PROFESSIONALSFOREIGN PROVIDERSFOREIGN RECOGNITIONFOREIGN SERVICE PROVIDERSFOREIGN SERVICESFOREIGN STUDENTSFOREIGN SUPPLIERSFUTURE RESEARCHGATSGLOBAL MARKETGRADUATE DEGREESHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONSHIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMHIGHER LEARNINGHOSPITALSHUMAN CAPITALINCENTIVE PROBLEMINCORPORATEDINCREASED COMPETITIONINDIVIDUALSINFORMATION TECHNOLOGYINTERNATIONAL STUDENTSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICESLABOR MARKETLABOR MOBILITYLICENSING PROCESSLIMITEDLOCAL CONSUMERSMANAGERSMARKET ACCESSMEDICAL EDUCATIONMEDICAL SCHOOLMEDICAL SCHOOLSMEDICAL SERVICESMEMBER BOARDMEMBER BOARDSMFNMONOPOLYMOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONSMULTILATERAL APPROACHMULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEMMULTIPLE-CHOICEMUTUAL RECOGNITIONNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONNATIONAL TREATMENTNATIONAL TREATMENT OBLIGATIONNATIVESNATURAL SCIENCESNON-DISCRIMINATORY MEASURESNUMBER OF CANDIDATESOCCUPATIONPAPERSPOST-SECONDARY EDUCATIONPOSTGRADUATE TRAININGPRACTICAL TRAININGPREFERENTIAL LIBERALIZATIONPRESENCE OF NATURAL PERSONSPRIVATE UNIVERSITIESPROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONSPROFESSIONAL DEGREEPROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONPROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONSPROFESSIONAL SERVICESQUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTSQUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONSRECOGNITION AGREEMENTSREGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTSREGULATORY BARRIERSREGULATORY BURDENREGULATORY OBLIGATIONREGULATORY REFORMREGULATORY REGIMESRENTSRESIDENCYSCORESSERVICE PROVIDERSERVICE SUPPLIERSERVICE SUPPLIERSSERVICES PROVIDERSSERVICES TRADESKILLED PROFESSIONALSSOCIETIESSOCIETYSPONSORSPONSORSSPONSORSHIPSTATE UNIVERSITIESTARIFF REVENUETEACHERTECHNICAL EDUCATIONTRADE AGREEMENTSTRADING PARTNERSTRAFFICTUITIONTUITION FEESUNDERGRADUATESUNIONUNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITY PROGRAMSURBAN AREAWORKERSWTOWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4782