Timilsina, Govinda R.Dulal, Hari B.2012-06-012012-06-012008-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6872This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle subsidies.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCIDENTSAIRAIR POLLUTIONALCOHOLIC BEVERAGESALTERNATIVE FUELALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLESALTERNATIVE FUELSALTERNATIVE MODESAMBIENT AIR POLLUTIONATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONSAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILESAVERAGE FUEL TAXAVERAGE TRAVEL TIMEBICYCLESBRIDGEBUSBUS SUBSIDYBUSESCARCAR MILEAGECAR OWNERSCAR OWNERSHIPCAR SHARECAR TRIPSCAR USECARBON EMISSIONSCARBON MONOXIDECARBON TAXCARBON TAXESCARSCLEAN FUELCLEAN FUELSCLEANER FUELSCLIMATE CHANGECOMMUTERSCONGESTIONCONGESTION CHARGECONGESTION CHARGESCONGESTION CHARGINGCONGESTION CHARGING SCHEMECONGESTION CHARGING SCHEMESCONGESTION COSTSCONGESTION EXTERNALITIESCONGESTION PRICINGCONGESTION PROBLEMSCONGESTION RELIEFCONGESTION TOLLSCOST OF TRAVELDIESELDIESEL FUELDISPOSABLE INCOMEDRIVERSDRIVINGEFFICIENT VEHICLESELECTRIC VEHICLESELECTRONIC ROAD PRICINGELECTRONIC ROAD PRICING SYSTEMEMISSIONEMISSION RATESEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSION TARGETSEMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTEMISSIONS STANDARDSENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL COSTSENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTENVIRONMENTAL TARGETSENVIRONMENTAL TAXESEXCISE DUTIESEXCISE DUTYEXCISE TAXEXCISE TAX ON FUELEXCISE TAX ON GASOLINEEXPRESSWAYSEXTERNALITIESFARESFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFREEWAYFREEWAY LANESFUELFUEL CELLFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONVERSIONFUEL ECONOMYFUEL INFRASTRUCTUREFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICE INCREASEFUEL PRICESFUEL SUBSIDIESFUEL TAXFUEL TAX RATESFUEL TAX REVENUESFUEL TAXATIONFUEL TAXESFUEL TYPEFUEL USEGAS TAXGASOLINEGASOLINE CONSUMPTIONGASOLINE TAXGASOLINE TAXESHIGH OCCUPANCY TOLLHIGHWAYHIGHWAY CONGESTIONHIGHWAY NETWORKHOUSEHOLD TRAVELHYBRID CARSHYBRID PASSENGER CARSHYBRID VEHICLESIMPACT OF TRANSPORTIMPACTS OF CONGESTION PRICINGIMPACTS ON TRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTURE COSTINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTJOURNEYLOCAL AIR POLLUTANTSMOBILITYMODE OF TRANSPORTATIONMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLESMOTORISTMOTORISTSNOISEPEAK HOURSPEAK PERIODSPETROLEUM GASPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONTROLPOPULATION GROWTHPRICE ELASTICITYPRIVATE TRANSPORTPRIVATE VEHICLEPRIVATE VEHICLE OWNERSHIPPRIVATE VEHICLESPUBLIC ATTITUDESPUBLIC ROADSPUBLIC ROADWAYSPUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLESPUBLIC TRANSITPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT DEMANDPUBLIC TRANSPORT SUBSIDIESPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONPUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SUBSIDIESRAILRAILWAYRAPID TRANSITREBATESREGISTRATION FEESRIDERSHIPROADROAD MAINTENANCEROAD SYSTEMSROAD TAXROAD TAXESROAD TRANSPORTROAD USEROAD USERROAD USER CHARGINGROAD USER CHARGING SCHEMESROUTESSAFETYSCHOOL BUSSPEEDSTAXTAX EXEMPTIONSTAX REVENUETAXISTOLLTOLLSTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRAFFIC FLOWTRAFFIC FLOWSTRAFFIC MANAGEMENTTRAFFIC VOLUMETRANSIT SERVICETRANSPORTTRANSPORT ACTIVITIESTRANSPORT ECONOMICSTRANSPORT EXTERNALITIESTRANSPORT NETWORKTRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT RESEARCHTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SECTOR EMISSIONSTRANSPORTATION COSTSTRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENTTRANSPORTATION POLICIESTRANSPORTATION PRICINGTRANSPORTATION RESEARCHTRANSPORTATION SERVICESTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRAVEL BEHAVIORTRAVEL CHOICETRAVEL COSTSTRAVEL DEMANDTRAVELERSTRIPTRIP DESTINATIONTRIPSTRUEURBAN ROADURBAN TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLEVEHICLE DESIGNVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE ENGINEVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE LANESVEHICLE MILEAGEVEHICLE MILESVEHICLE OCCUPANCYVEHICLE OWNERSVEHICLE OWNERSHIPVEHICLE POPULATIONVEHICLE QUOTA SYSTEMVEHICLE TAXESVEHICLE TRAFFICVEHICLE TRAVELVEHICLE USEVEHICLE-MILESVEHICLESWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4652