World Bank2013-08-262013-08-262002-09https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15359Kazakhstan is exceptionally endowed with petroleum, and mineral resources. However, since independence, the vast majority of new investment in the sector has been devoted to petroleum, while, new investment in the mining, and metallurgical sector has not been commensurate with the country's geological potential, or with the importance of a sector accounting for over thirty percent of total export earnings, ten percent of GDP, and nineteen percent of total industrial employment. The study focuses on the minerals legislation, and regulation as the corner stone of development of the mining, and metallurgy sector, governing access by the private sector to mineral rights, highlighting the country's fundamental problem, i.e., the confusion of the mining and metallurgy, with the oil/gas sector, pointing that the economics of the two sectors are entirely different. It outlines the tendering system for blocks of geologically prospective ground contemplated in the legislation, while a practice extensively used in oil/gas industry, is quite uncommon in mining/metallurgy, actually proven an unsuccessful practice. Moreover, mining taxation as applied to mining and metallurgy is fundamentally unattractive to new investment, and not competitive internationally. In order to fairly administer the legislation, public institutions are essential, where the focus should be on funding, logistical support, and training of professionals, thus far insufficient for long term sustainability. It is recommended that government proceed with a responsible program of divestiture, such as the reactivation of the "blue chips" program, and include environmental, and infrastructure considerations.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCELERATED DEPRECIATIONACCOUNTABILITYACCOUNTINGAFFILIATESALLOYSAUDITINGAUTHORITYBARITESBENEFICIATIONBUDGET CONSTRAINTSCADASTRECAPITAL MARKETSCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCOALCONSTITUTIONCOPPERCUSTOMSDECISION MAKINGDISCLOSUREDIVIDENDSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC POLICIESEISEMPLOYMENTENACTMENTENTERPRISE REFORMENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTSENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTIONEXPENDITURESEXPLOITATIONEXPLORATION PERMITFINANCIAL SUPPORTFISCALFISCAL YEARFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTMENTGASGEOLOGICAL INFORMATIONGEOLOGICAL SURVEYGEOLOGYGOLDGOOD GOVERNANCEGOVERNMENT AUTHORITIESGOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTSGOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONSGOVERNMENT MANAGEMENTGOVERNMENT MINISTRIESGOVERNMENT POLICIESGOVERNMENT POLICYGOVERNMENT REVENUEGOVERNMENT STRATEGYGROSS SALESHEALTH AND SAFETYIMPORTSINSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTSINSTITUTIONAL ROLEINSTITUTIONAL STRUCTUREINTERNATIONAL MININGINVESTMENT CLIMATEIRONIRON ORELACK OF TRANSPARENCYLAWSLEGISLATIONLEGISLATIVE ACTSLOCAL TAXESLOCOMOTIVESMANGANESEMETALLURGICAL INDUSTRIESMETALLURGICAL PLANTSMETALLURGYMINE CLOSUREMINERAL COMMODITIESMINERAL EXPLORATIONMINERAL POLICYMINERAL PRODUCTIONMINERAL RESERVESMINERAL RESOURCEMINERAL RESOURCESMINERAL RIGHTSMINERAL SECTORMINERALSMINERALS DEVELOPMENTMINERALS LEGISLATIONMINESMINING ENTERPRISESMINING INDUSTRYMINING INVESTMENTMINING LAWMINING LAW AND REGULATIONSMINING LEGISLATIONMINING OPERATIONSMINING PROJECTSMINING REFORMMINING REFORM PROGRAMSMINING RIGHTSMINING SECTORMINING SECTOR REFORMSMINING TAXATIONMINING TITLEMINISTRY OF FINANCEMUNICIPALITIESNATIONSNATURAL RESOURCESOILOPERATING COSTSORESPHILOSOPHYPOOR GOVERNANCEPREFERENTIAL TREATMENTPRIVATE MININGPRIVATE MINING COMPANIESPRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTPRIVATIZATIONPRODUCTIVITYPUBLIC INSTITUTIONSPUBLIC MININGPUBLIC MINING INSTITUTIONSPUBLIC SECTORREFININGREGULATORY REGIMEREPRESENTATIVESRESERVE BASERESOURCE BASEREVENUE SHARINGROYALTYSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGESMELTERSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SERVICESSTATE AGENCIESSTATE INTERVENTIONSTATE REVENUESSTATE-OWNED ENTERPRISESSTEELSTREAMSSUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTAX RATESTAX REVENUESTAX TREATMENTTAXATIONTAXATION REGIMETECHNICAL ASSISTANCETITANIUMTRADITIONTRANSPORTURANIUMVALUE ADDED TAXESZINC MINING SECTORMETALLURGICAL INDUSTRYMINERAL RESOURCESMINING LAWMINING POLICYMINING TECHNOLOGYSECTOR INVESTMENTGEOLOGICAL DATAREGULATORY FRAMEWORKINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTEXPORT EARNINGSPRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENTTENDERINGTAXATIONINVESTOR CONFIDENCEFUNDING PROPOSALTRAINING ASSISTANCEDIVESTITUREENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCEINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTWorld Bank10.1596/15359