Justino, PatriciaLeone, MarinellaSalardi, Paola2012-03-192012-03-192011-08-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3536The Timor Leste secession conflict lasted for 25 years. Its last wave of violence in 1999, following the withdrawal of Indonesian troops, generated massive displacement and destruction with widespread consequences for the economic and social development of the country. This paper analyzes the impact of the conflict on the level and access to education of boys and girls in Timor Leste. The authors examine the short-term impact of the 1999 violence on school attendance and grade deficit rates in 2001, and the longer-term impact of the conflict on primary school completion of cohorts of children observed in 2007. They compare the educational impact of the 1999 wave of violence with the impact of other periods of high-intensity violence during the 25 years of Indonesian occupation. The short-term effects of the conflict are mixed. In the longer term, the analysis finds a strong negative impact of the conflict on primary school completion among boys of school age exposed to peaks of violence during the 25-year long conflict. The effect is stronger for boys attending the last three grades of primary school. This result shows a substantial loss of human capital among young males in Timor Leste since the early 1970s, resulting from household investment trade-offs between education and economic survival.CC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC YEARACADEMIC YEARSACCESS TO EDUCATIONADULTHOODAGE GROUPSARMED CONFLICTATTENDANCE RATEATTENDANCE RATESAVERAGE SCHOOLINGBASIC EDUCATIONBOMBINGBOMBINGSCHILD LABORCHILD MORTALITYCHURCHESCIVIL WARCLASSROOMSCOMPLETION RATECONFLICTSCONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENCEDEATHSEARLY CHILDHOODECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEDUCATION ATTAINMENTEDUCATION FOR ALLEDUCATION INFRASTRUCTUREEDUCATION OF CHILDRENEDUCATION OPPORTUNITIESEDUCATION OUTCOMESEDUCATION SECTOREDUCATION SYSTEMEDUCATION VARIABLESEDUCATIONAL ACCESSEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTEDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL IMPROVEMENTSEDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIESEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESENROLMENT OF BOYSENROLMENT OF GIRLSENROLMENT RATESENROLMENTSEXPOSURE TO VIOLENCEFAMILIESFAMILY STRUCTURESFEMALE EDUCATIONFEMALE LITERACYFEMALE LITERACY RATESFIGHTINGFINANCIAL SUPPORTGENDER DIFFERENTIALSGENDER DISPARITIESGENDER GAPGENOCIDEGIRLSGRADE REPETITIONGROSS ENROLMENTGROSS ENROLMENT RATIOGROSS ENROLMENT RATIOSGUERRILLAHEALTH FACILITIESHIGH DROP-OUT RATESHIGH RATES OF REPETITIONHIGHER GRADEHIGHER LEVEL OF EDUCATIONHUMAN RIGHTSINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL COMMUNITYINTERVENTIONSLEADERSHIPLITERACYLITERACY RATESLOCAL SCHOOLSMASS COMMUNICATIONMASSACREMILITIANATIONSNET ENROLMENTNET ENROLMENT RATIONET ENROLMENT RATIOSOLD GIRLSOLDER CHILDRENOLDER GIRLSOUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDRENPOST-CONFLICT EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATION OUTCOMESPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIMARY SCHOOL AGEPRIMARY SCHOOL ATTENDANCEPRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETIONPRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION RATEPRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION RATESPRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENTPRIMARY SCHOOL LEVELPRIMARY SCHOOL LEVELSPRIMARY SCHOOL YEARSPRIMARY SCHOOLINGPROVIDERS OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF TEACHERSRECONCILIATIONRECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION POLICIESREFUGEEREFUGEE CAMPSREFUGEE POPULATIONSREHABILITATIONREPETITION RATESRETURNS TO EDUCATIONROADSSCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTSSCHOOL AGESCHOOL AGE CHILDRENSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL CHILDRENSCHOOL DROPSCHOOL ENTRYSCHOOL FEESSCHOOL LEVELSSCHOOL SYSTEMSCHOOL YEARSCHOOL YEARSSCHOOL-AGESCHOOLINGSCHOOLING OF BOYSSCHOOLSSECONDARY SCHOOLSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTTACTICSTEACHERSTEXTBOOKSUNDPUNEMPLOYMENTUNESCOVICTIMSVILLAGE LEVELVIOLENCEVIOLENT CONFLICTWARWARFAREWARSYOUNG BOYSYOUNG GIRLSYOUNG MALESWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5774