Khaleque, M. AbdulKhandker, Shahidur R.Samad, Hussain A.2012-03-192012-03-192011-10-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3631This paper examines the role of social safety-net programs in Bangladesh run by the government and nongovernmental organizations to mitigate seasonal deprivation in the country's highly vulnerable northwest region. Specifically, the paper explores whether social safety nets are limited to averting seasonal deprivation or can also address seasonality of income and employment more generally. Using a recent survey from the greater Rangpur (northwest) region, the paper finds that social safety nets have a positive effect on mitigating both seasonal and non-seasonal food deprivation. The results are robust, owing to the recent expanded coverage of social safety-net programs run by nongovernmental organizations active in the region. But given the annual recurrence of monga (seasonal food insecurity) in the northwest region owing to agricultural seasonality and an overwhelming dependence on agriculture for livelihoods, social safety nets are not a reliable tool for monga eradication. Programs are also needed to promote the income and productivity of the poor through diversification of income and employment.CC BY 3.0 IGOAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITYAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAGRICULTUREANTI-POVERTYBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDSCASH BENEFITCASH TRANSFERSCASH-FOR-WORKCASH-TRANSFERCHRONIC POVERTYCOMMUNITIESCOMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURECOMMUNITY NUTRITIONCONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCOPING STRATEGIESCOUNTERFACTUALDAILY WAGEDESCRIPTIONDIMENSIONS OF POVERTYDIRECT TRANSFERSDISASTER RELIEFDISTRICTSDIVERSIFICATIONECONOMIC INSECURITYECONOMIC SECURITYECONOMIC STRESSEMPLOYMENT GENERATIONEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT STATUSEXTERNAL SHOCKSEXTREME POVERTYFAMINEFARM INCOMEFEEDING PROGRAMSFEMALEFEMALESFINANCIAL SUPPORTFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD FOR EDUCATIONFOOD FOR WORKFOOD INSECURITYFOOD POLICY RESEARCHFOOD POVERTYFOOD PRICEFOOD PROGRAMFOOD RATIONINGFOOD RELIEFFOOD SECURITYFOOD TRANSFERFOOD-FOR-WORKFORMAL CREDITHOMELESSHOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTIONHOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHUMAN ASSETSHUMAN CAPITALIFPRIINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOMEINCOME GENERATIONINCOME TRANSFERSINCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIESINFORMAL COPING MECHANISMSINFORMAL INSURANCEINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINSURANCEINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICYINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTELAGGING REGIONSLAND ASSETLAND ASSETSLANDHOLDINGSLANDLESSLIVELIHOOD PROTECTIONLOCALITIESMAINTENANCE PROGRAMMEALMICROCREDIT PROGRAMSMINIMUM WAGENATIONAL COVERAGENATURAL DISASTERSNUTRITIONNUTRITION INTERVENTIONSNUTRITION PROGRAMOLD AGEOLD AGE ALLOWANCEOLD AGE PENSIONPHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTUREPOORPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INDIVIDUALSPOOR PEOPLEPOOR RURAL WOMENPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY INTERVENTIONPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY REDUCTIONPRICE SUBSIDIESPRODUCTIVE ASSETPRODUCTIVE ASSETSPROGRAM COVERAGEPROTECTION POLICYPUBLIC SAFETYPUBLIC SAFETY NETPUBLIC WORKSPUBLIC-WORKSRATIONSREGIONAL DIMENSIONREGIONAL DISPARITYRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRURALRURAL AREASRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL MAINTENANCERURAL PEOPLERURAL POORRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POVERTYRURAL RESIDENTSRURAL WOMENSAFETYSAFETY NETSAFETY NET PROGRAMSSAVINGSSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSCHOOL ENROLLMENTSSCHOOLINGSHOCKSKILLS TRAININGSOCIAL INSURANCESOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SAFETY NETSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSTARVATIONSTREET CHILDRENSUBSISTENCESUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTARGETINGTRAININGSTRANSFER PROGRAMTRANSFER PROGRAMSTRANSIENT POVERTYTRANSITORY POVERTYULTRA POORUNEMPLOYMENTURBANIZATIONVILLAGESVULNERABILITY TO POVERTYVULNERABLE AREASVULNERABLE GROUPVULNERABLE GROUPSVULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDSWAGE EMPLOYMENTWELFARE PROGRAMSWFPWHEATWORK PROGRAMWORK REQUIREMENTWORKS PROGRAMWORKS PROGRAMSWORLD FOOD PROGRAMYCWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5865