De Weerdt, JoachimBeegle, KathleenDercon, Stefan2012-05-222012-05-222008-12https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6333This study explores the extent to which migration has contributed to improved living standards of individuals in Tanzania. Using longitudinal data on individuals, the authors estimate the impact of migration on consumption growth between 1991 and 2004. The analysis addresses concerns about heterogeneity and unobservable factors correlated with both income changes and the decision to migrate. The findings show that migration adds 36 percentage points to consumption growth, during a period of considerable growth in consumption. These results are robust to numerous tests and alternative specifications. Unpacking the findings, the analysis finds that moving out of agriculture is correlated with much higher growth than staying in agriculture, although growth is always higher in any sector if one physically moves. Economic mobility is strongly linked to geographic mobility. The puzzle is why more people do not move if returns to geographic mobility are high. The evidence is consistent with models in which exit barriers are set by home communities (through social and family norms) that prevent migration of certain categories of people.CC BY 3.0 IGOADULT MORTALITYAGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCEAIDS EPIDEMICBASIC NEEDSBUSINESS OWNERSHIPCHANGE IN CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION AGGREGATECONSUMPTION DATACONSUMPTION EXPENDITURECONSUMPTION GROWTHCONSUMPTION PER CAPITACONSUMPTION POVERTYDECLINE IN POVERTYDETERMINANTS OF CONSUMPTIONDOWRYEARNINGSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESECONOMIC SHOCKSEDUCATION LEVELSEDUCATIONAL LEVELSEMPLOYERSENDOWMENTSEQUALITYEXCLUSIONFAMILIESFAMILY MEMBERSFEMALE CHILDRENFOOD COMPONENTSFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITAFOOD EXPENDITUREGENDERGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTGROWTH OPPORTUNITIESHEALTH EXPENDITURESHIVHOUSEHOLD BUDGETHOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEYHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD MEMBERSHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLDSHOUSINGHUMAN CAPITALHUSBANDSIMPACT OF MIGRATIONINCOME CHANGESINCOME GAINSINCOME GROWTHINDIVIDUAL MEMBERSINEQUALITYINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONKINSHIPLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLEVEL OF CONSUMPTIONLIVING CONDITIONSLIVING STANDARDSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMARITAL STATUSMIGRANTMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMIGRATION PROCESSMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMOTHERNUMBER OF CHILDRENNUMBER OF PEOPLEPEER GROUPSPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOOR AREASPOPULATION GROWTHPOVERTY DYNAMICSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPROGRESSPULL FACTORSPUSH FACTORSREFUGEEREMITTANCESREMOTE AREASRESPECTRETURN MIGRATIONRURAL AREARURAL AREASRURAL TRANSFORMATIONRURAL VILLAGESSCHOOLINGSEXSOCIAL FACTORSSOCIAL NETWORKSSOCIAL NORMSSOURCE OF INCOMESPOUSESUBSISTENCETEENSTOTAL CONSUMPTIONTRADITIONAL VALUESUNEMPLOYMENTURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERURBAN CENTERSVILLAGEWAGE DIFFERENTIALSWAGESWARWOMANYOUNG ADULTSYOUNG MALEWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4798