World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192009-01-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3124This study analyzes a range of energy efficiency options available in Mexico, including supply-side efficiency improvements in the electric power and oil and gas industries and demand-side electricity efficiency measures to limit high-growth energy-consuming activities, such as air conditioning and refrigeration. It also evaluates a range of renewable energy options that make use of the country's vast wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and geothermal resources. But low-carbon (CO2) development is not only about energy production and consumption. In Mexico one of the most important sources of greenhouse gas emissions continues to be emissions from deforestation. The rate of deforestation has fallen steadily in Mexico over the past decades. Expanded programs for forest management, wildlife conservation, and efforts to increase the stock of forests can provide needed employment in rural areas and help make Mexican forests net absorbers of CO2 in the coming years. A fundamental question often asked about low-cost mitigation options is why they are not already being undertaken. As the study shows, the availability of commercial technology and even low financial costs is often not enough to overcome barriers related to institutional and knowledge gaps, regulatory and legal constraints, or societal norms. Inability to surmount these 'transactions costs' is typically at the root of the problem of why supposedly low-cost actions are not undertaken. To partially overcome this dilemma, one of the explicit criteria used in this study for identifying low-carbon measures was that they had already been implemented on some scale in Mexico or in a similar economy outside of Mexico. In order to mainstream low-carbon development, a package of new stimuli will be needed, including public and consumer education and training, public demonstrations, standards and regulations, and financial incentives.CC BY 3.0 IGOACIDACID RAINAFFORESTATIONAFFORESTATION PROJECTSAGRICULTURAL EMISSIONSAIRAIR CONDITIONINGAIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY STANDARDSANNUAL EMISSIONSATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONSAVERAGE FLEET AGEBASELINE EMISSIONSBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIOGASBIOMASSBIOMASS ENERGYBIRD SPECIESBOTTLENECKSBUSBUS SYSTEMCALCULATIONCAP EMISSIONSCARBON ASSESSMENTSCARBON COSTSCARBON DIOXIDECARBON ECONOMYCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FINANCECARBON INTENSITYCARBON MARKETCARBON MITIGATIONCARBON PATHCARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON STOCKSCARBON TECHNOLOGIESCHARCOAL PRODUCTIONCHEMICALSCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCOCO2COALCOAL OILCOLORSCOMBUSTIONCOMMERCIAL FISHINGCOMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPSCOST OF CARBONCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISDEGREE DAYSDIESELDIESEL FUELDROUGHTECOSYSTEMEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSELECTRIC POWERELECTRIC POWER GENERATIONELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONEMISSIONEMISSION FACTOREMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTION TARGETEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION SCENARIOSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS CONTROLEMISSIONS ESTIMATESEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONEMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICEMISSIONS FROM ENERGYEMISSIONS FROM ENERGY PRODUCTIONEMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCKEMISSIONS FROM POWER GENERATIONEMISSIONS GROWTHEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS SCENARIOENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY SOURCESENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONETHANOLEXTERNALITIESFERTILIZERSFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL RISKFORESTFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST FIRESFOREST MANAGEMENTFOREST PRODUCTSFORESTRYFORESTRY SECTORFORESTSFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL USEFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFREIGHTFREIGHT SYSTEMSFREIGHT TRAINSFREIGHT TRANSPORTFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL COSTFUEL COSTSFUEL ECONOMYFUEL OILFUEL PRICESFUEL QUALITYFUEL TYPEFUGITIVE EMISSIONSGAS CONSUMPTIONGAS FLARINGGAS PRODUCTIONGAS SECTORGAS TURBINEGASOLINEGENERATION CAPACITYGHGGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GASGLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS EMITTERGREENHOUSE GAS MITIGATIONGREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONGREENHOUSE GASESHIGH ENERGYINFRASTRUCTURE COSTSINFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTSINSPECTIONIPCCIRONLAND USELAND-USE PLANNINGLANDFILLLIGHT TRUCKSLIQUEFIED NATURAL GASLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASLNGLOCAL AIR POLLUTANTSLOCAL AIR POLLUTIONLOCAL AIR QUALITYLOW-CARBONMARGINAL ABATEMENTMARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTMETHANEMILEAGEMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIPNATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORYNATURAL GASNEGATIVE IMPACTSNITROGENNITROGEN OXIDESNONMOTORIZED TRANSPORTNOXO&MOIL EQUIVALENTOIL INDUSTRYPARTICLESPARTICULATESPASSENGERSPETROCHEMICALSPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPM10POPULATION GROWTHPOWER PLANTSPOWER SUPPLYPRECIPITATIONPRIVATE AUTOMOBILESPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONPUBLIC UTILITIESRAILWAYRAPID TRANSITRAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMSRATE OF DEFORESTATIONREDUCTIONS IN TRAFFICREDUCTIONS IN TRAFFIC CONGESTIONRENEWABLE ENERGYRETROFITTINGROADROAD TRANSPORTROUTESSINKSMALL HYDROPOWERSO2SOIL CARBONSOLAR POWERSTREET LIGHTINGSULFATESULFURSULFUR DIOXIDESUSTAINABLE FORESTSUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTTAXTEMPERATURETOLLTOTAL EMISSIONSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT MODETRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURETRAVEL TIMETRIPTRIPSTROPICAL STORMSURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLE EFFICIENCYVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE FUELVEHICLE FUEL ECONOMYVEHICLESWATER QUALITYWINDWIND POWERWOODY BIOMASSWorld Bank10.1596/3124