Mundaca, LuisMansoz, MathildeNeij, LenaTimilsina, Govinda R.2013-10-012013-10-012013-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/15998Transaction costs are major challenge to moving forward toward low-carbon economic growth, as new technologies or policies tend to have higher transaction costs compared with those in the business as usual situation. However, neither a well-developed theoretical foundation nor a consensus interpretation is available for those transaction costs in the existing literature. The definitions and therefore the estimations of transaction costs vary across existing studies. The wide variations in the estimates could be attributed to several factors such as the very definitions and scope of transaction costs considered in the studies, the methodology for quantifying these costs, the type and size of low-carbon technologies, and complexities involved in the transactions. Nevertheless, the existing literature converges on addressing market failures, such as lack of information, in developing regulatory and institutional capacity to enhance private sector confidence in energy efficiency business as a key means to help reduce the transaction costs of low-carbon technologies.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTACCOUNTINGADMINISTRATIVE COSTSADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURESAGRICULTURAL COMMODITIESAGRICULTUREALLOWANCE TRADINGAPPROACHAUDITSAVAILABILITY OF CREDITBALANCEBASELINE EMISSIONSBENCHMARKSBIOGASBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYBIOMASSBOILERBOUNDED RATIONALITYBROKERBROKERAGEBROKERAGE FIRMSBROKERSBUSINESS ACTIVITIESBUYERBUYERSCAPACITY FACTORCARBONCARBON ABATEMENTCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON MARKETCARBON REDUCTIONSCERTIFICATECERTIFICATESCERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONCHECKSCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESCOLLECTIVE ACTIONCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMMODITIESCOMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPSCOMPETITIVE MARKETCOMPLIANCE COSTSCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKCONSUMERSCONTRACT ENFORCEMENTCONTRACTUAL AGREEMENTCOST ANALYSESCOST OF ENERGYCUSTOMER SATISFACTIONDATA PROCESSINGDECISION MAKINGDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDOMAINECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC ASSETSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMIC LIFEEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSEFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSELECTRICITYELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRICEELECTRICITY PRODUCERSEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMPIRICAL STUDIESEND USERSEND-USERSENERGY AUDITENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSENERGY EXPENDITUREENERGY PRICESENERGY SAVINGSENFORCEMENT OF CONTRACTSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSEQUILIBRIUMEQUIPMENTEQUIPMENTSEXCLUSIVE RIGHTSEXPENDITURESFINANCIAL BENEFITSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL SUPPORTFINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITYFIXED COSTSFORECASTSFORESTRYFUELGOVERNMENT POLICYGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GASESHEATHEATING SYSTEMHOST COUNTRYHYDROPOWERINSTALLATIONINSTALLATIONSINSTITUTIONAL BARRIERSINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKSINSTRUMENTINSURANCEINTEREST RATESINTERNATIONAL BANKISSUANCELANDOWNERSLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL FRAMEWORKSLEGAL SYSTEMLIMITED ACCESSLIQUIDITYMARGINAL COSTMARKET CONDITIONSMARKET FAILUREMARKET FAILURESMARKET LIQUIDITYMARKET MECHANISMSMARKET PRICEMARKET TRANSACTIONSMARKETINGMATURITYNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE EXTERNALITIESNEW TECHNOLOGIESNICHE MARKETSNUCLEAR SAFETYOPEN ACCESSOPPORTUNITY COSTSPILOT TESTINGPOLICY DECISIONSPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLICY MAKERSPORTFOLIOPOWERPRICE INFORMATIONPRICE RISKPRICE UNCERTAINTYPRIVATE SECTORPROCESS INFORMATIONPRODUCERSPRODUCT AVAILABILITYPRODUCT INFORMATIONPRODUCTION COSTSPROJECT MANAGEMENTPROPERTY RIGHTPROPERTY RIGHTSPROTOCOLPROTOTYPEQUOTASREDUCING EMISSIONSREGISTRYREGULATORY FRAMEWORKREGULATORY FRAMEWORKSRELIABILITYRENEGOTIATIONRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCERSRENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTIONRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGYRENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDRESERVERESIDENTIAL ENERGYRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESULTRESULTSROLE OF INSTITUTIONSSEARCHSENSITIVE INFORMATIONSENSITIVITY ANALYSESSHARE VALUESOLAR ENERGYSTANDARDIZATIONSTATISTICAL DATASUGAR CANESUPERVISIONTARGETSTAXTAXONOMYTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATIONTELEPHONETOTAL COSTSTRADABLE PERMITTRADING COSTSTRADING SYSTEMSTRANSACTIONTRANSACTION COSTTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSACTIONS COSTSTRANSFER OF PROPERTY RIGHTSTRUST FUNDUSERUSERSUSESUTILITIESVERIFICATIONVERTICAL INTEGRATIONWEALTHWEBWEB SITESWINDWIND ENERGYWIND FARMWIND POWERWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6565