Vagliasindi, Maria2012-12-112012-12-112013978-0-8213-9561-5https://hdl.handle.net/10986/11965Poorly implemented energy subsidies are economically costly to taxpayers and damage the environment through increased emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. Energy subsidies also create distortive price signals and result in higher energy consumption or production as well as barriers to entry for cleaner energy services. Subsidies to consumption, by lowering end-use prices, can encourage increased energy use and reduce incentives to conserve energy efficiently. Universal energy-price subsidies tend to be regressive because benefits are conditional upon the purchase of subsidized goods and increase with expenditure. This report selected a representative sample of case studies in 20 developing countries, based on a number of criteria, including the countries' level of development (and consumption) and energy dependency (distinguishing between net energy exporters and importers). The case studies have been selected on the hypothesis that energy dependence and per capita income appear to be the key drivers of subsidy reforms in developing countries. Of the two criteria, energy dependence is expected to be the most powerful determinant of the choice to engage in energy reforms, whereas the level of per capita income may pose different challenges in relation to the distributional impact of such reforms on the poor. Energy net importers are expected to have more incentives to undertake energy subsidy reforms when the fiscal burden of such subsidies reaches a significant percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), particularly when there are already macro unbalances related to high thresholds of public budget and debt. Low- and middle-income countries are expected to display a larger impact of energy subsidy reforms on consumption. This impact reflects the opportunities to influence future behavior rather than current consumption trends because of inertia, vested interests, and the presence of affordability issues.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAIR CONDITIONINGANECDOTAL EVIDENCEAPPROACHAVAILABILITYBALANCEBARRIERS TO ENERGY EFFICIENCYBUILDING CODESCARBON DIOXIDECARBON FINANCECARBON FINANCE OPERATIONSCARBON FINANCINGCERTIFICATION CENTERCERTIFIED EMISSION REDUCTIONCLEAN ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCOALCOGENERATIONCOMMERCIAL ENERGYCOMMERCIAL EQUIPMENTCOMMITMENT TO ENERGY EFFICIENCYCOOLINGDISTRICT HEATINGDISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMSECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC GROWTHEFFICIENCY GAINSEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSEFFICIENCY POTENTIALEFFICIENT EQUIPMENTELECTRIC POWERELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEND USEEND USEREND USERSEND USESEND-USEEND-USE CONSUMPTIONENERGY AUDITENERGY AUDITINGENERGY AUDITSENERGY BILLENERGY BILLSENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSERVATION PRODUCTSENERGY CONSUMERSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY COST SAVINGSENERGY COSTSENERGY CRISISENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY FINANCEENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTENERGY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MARKETENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMSENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENTENERGY MANAGEMENTENERGY NEEDSENERGY OUTLOOKENERGY OUTSOURCINGENERGY PERFORMANCEENERGY PERFORMANCE CONTRACTINGENERGY PRICESENERGY PRICINGENERGY PRODUCTIONENERGY REDUCTIONENERGY RESEARCHENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SAVINGS PERFORMANCEENERGY SAVINGS PROJECTSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SERVICEENERGY SERVICE COMPANIESENERGY SERVICE COMPANYENERGY SERVICE PROVIDERSENERGY SERVICESENERGY SUPPLIERSENERGY SUPPLYENERGY SYSTEMSENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONESPFINANCIAL PERFORMANCEFINANCIAL RETURNSFINANCIAL SERVICESFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFREE ENERGYFUELGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH IN ENERGY DEMANDHEATHEAT RECOVERYIMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCYINCOMEINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYINVESTMENTS IN ENERGYINVESTMENTS IN ENERGY EFFICIENCYJOBSLIGHTINGLOAD MANAGEMENTLOWER COSTSMARKET FOR ENERGYMARKET FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCYMETHANEMUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLYNATURAL RESOURCESOILOIL COMPANYOIL EQUIVALENTOIL PRICESPENALTIESPERFORMANCE STANDARDSPIPELINEPOLLUTIONPORTFOLIOPOWERPOWER GENERATIONPRESENT VALUEPRIMARY ENERGYPRINCIPAL-AGENTPROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCYQUALITY ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGIESRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTRISK MANAGEMENTSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTONS OF CARBONTOTAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONTOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSACTIONS COSTSTYPES OF ENERGYUTILITIESUTILITY BILLSUTILITY DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENTVEHICLESVENTILATIONWASTEWASTE RECYCLINGWASTEWATER TREATMENTWORLD ENERGYWORLD ENERGY OUTLOOKWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-9561-5