World Bank2025-07-102025-07-102025-07-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/43442This technical note outlines updated poverty trends in India, drawing on data from the 2022–23 and 2011–12 Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (CES) conducted by the National Sample Survey Office. It introduces a new methodology based on the Modified Mixed Reference Period (MMRP) and evaluates poverty using international poverty lines (IPLs) defined in 2017 purchasing power parity (PPP). The analysis includes thresholds for extreme poverty, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income countries, and also explores potential adjustments using 2021 PPPs. The findings indicate a marked reduction in poverty levels over the past decade, reflecting improvements in household welfare. These updated estimates differ from earlier World Bank figures, which relied on alternative data sources and methodologies, such as the Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS) and uniform recall periods. The revised approach offers a more refined and current understanding of poverty and inequality in India, emphasizing the importance of accurate data and methodology in shaping economic assessments and policy decisions.CC BY-NC 3.0 IGOPOVERTYCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE SURVEYPURCHASING POWER PARITYHOUSEHOLD INCOMESMIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIESDATA AND METHODOLOGYINEQUALITYWorking PaperWorld Bankhttps://doi.org/10.1596/43442