World Bank2012-06-012012-06-012007978-0-8213-7225-8https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6831The broad objective of this study is to analyze areas in which the climate change agenda intersects with multilateral trade obligations. The study identifies the key issues at stake, as well as possible actions -- at the national and multilateral levels -- that could help developing countries strengthen their capacities to respond to emerging conflicts between international trade and global climate regimes while taking advantage of new opportunities. The study also attempts to respond to the need for more sector-specific analysis. Chapter two contributes to the literature by exploring the economic, environmental, and political rationale underlying the potential tension between implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and the existing World Trade Organization (WTO) principles. The chapter further identifies areas where priorities for proactive policy initiatives could minimize potential damage to both trade and global environmental regimes. Chapter three explores and identifies key barriers and opportunities to spur the transfer and diffusion of climate-friendly and clean-energy technologies in developing countries. It further identifies policies and institutional changes that could lead to the removal of barriers and increased market penetration of climate-friendly technology. Chapter four examines and builds on the different approaches that have emerged in the negotiations surrounding trade in environmental goods and services, and it proposes a framework for integrating climate objectives in the discussions. Chapter five presents the conclusions and provides a framework for integrating and streamlining the global environment within the global trading system.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOALTERNATIVE ENERGYAPPROACHATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONSAVAILABILITYAVERAGE EMISSIONSBALANCEBARREL OF OILBULK CHEMICALSCARBONCARBON CAPTURECARBON CONTENTCARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONSCARBON TAXCARBON TAX REGIMESCARBON TAXESCEMENTCEMENT INDUSTRYCHANGES IN CLIMATECHEMICAL INDUSTRIESCHEMICAL INDUSTRYCLEAN COALCLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGYCLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN TECHNOLOGYCLEANER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIESCLEANER TECHNOLOGYCLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE ISSUECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE POLICIESCLOSED ECONOMIESCOALCOAL TECHNOLOGIESCOGENERATIONCOMBUSTIONCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPLIANCE COSTSCOSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGECRUDE OILCRUDE OIL PRICEDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC INCENTIVESECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMICSEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTEFFICIENT LIGHTINGELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY USEEMISSIONEMISSION TARGETSEMISSION TRADINGEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM ENERGYEMISSIONS LEVELSEMISSIONS REDUCTIONEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSEMISSIONS TARGETSEND-USER EFFICIENCYENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY COSTSENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY INPUTENERGY INTENSITYENERGY POLICIESENERGY PRICESENERGY PRODUCTIONENERGY PRODUCTSENERGY RESEARCHENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY TAX REFORMENERGY TAXESENERGY TECHNOLOGYENERGY USEENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTSENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGESENVIRONMENTAL GOODSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMESENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONSENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDSENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYENVIRONMENTAL TAXESEQUILIBRIUMEXPENDITURESEXTERNALITIESFISCAL POLICIESFISHERIESFLUE GASFLUE GAS DESULFURIZATIONFLUORESCENT LAMPFLUORESCENT LAMPSFORESTRYFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTIONFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL CELLGASIFICATIONGLOBAL EMISSIONGLOBAL EMISSIONSGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEATHYDROGENIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPORTSINCOMEINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYJOINT IMPLEMENTATIONKILOWATT-HOURLABOR COSTSLEGISLATIONMEMBER STATESMETALSMITIGATION TECHNOLOGIESNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCESNITROGENNITROGEN OXIDENUCLEAR POWEROILOZONE LAYERPETROLEUMPETROLEUM GASPHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGYPOLICY INSTRUMENTSPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CHARGESPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION REGULATIONPOWER PLANTPRICE SUBSIDIESPRINCIPLES OF EQUITYPRODUCERSPRODUCTION COSTSPRODUCTION OF ENERGYPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC GOODSPURCHASING POWERQUOTASRAW MATERIALSRECYCLINGREDUCING EMISSIONSRENEWABLE ELECTRICITYRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTIONRENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIESRENEWABLE SOURCESRESOURCE USERESOURCES MANAGEMENTSAVINGSSOLAR PANELSSOLAR POWERSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYSUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURETAX CREDITSTAX RATETAX RATESTAX REFORMTAXATIONTERMS OF TRADETONS OF CARBONTRANSFER OF ENERGYVEHICLESVOLUNTARY AGREEMENTSWASTEWASTE MANAGEMENTWAVE ENERGYWILLINGNESS TO PAYWINDWIND ENERGYWIND POWERWIND POWER CAPACITYWIND POWER GENERATIONWIND POWER TECHNOLOGYWIND TECHNOLOGYWORLD CRUDEWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-7225-8