World Bank2013-07-252013-07-252003-06-30https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14612This study explores the international development community's understanding of poverty and illustrates how it is related to environmental degradation. the study relies on three sources: a comprehensive general literature review, a review of past donor interventions in Nigeria, and original empirical evidence. The linkages found between poverty and environmental degradation are based on 240 household surveys analyzed by income quintiles investigated at two sites in Nigeria: the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands in the North and the Niger Delta in the South. Lessons relating "Causality and Linkages" (Chapter 2) explore various perceptions of how poverty "causes" environmental degradation, how environmental degradation "causes" poverty, or how other ofseting or reinforcing factors may influence the linkages between poverty and environmental quality. The empirical findings from the two study sites provide the primary basis for subsequent policy recommendations. Chapter 3 outlines the site selection process, summarizes the methods used, and provides detailed descriptive statistics for the two sites. the chapter concludes with an interpretation of key findings. Chapter 4 comences with a general discussion of available policies and strategies, including issues relating to self-sufficiency, precautionary principle, and adaptive co-management.Specific recommended strategies for Nigeria are based on the empirical findings from the case studies. An agenda for incorporating these strategies within ongoing Nigerian and donor initiatives concludes this chapter.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIESNATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTNATURAL RESOURCE UTILIZATIONCASE STUDIESAGRICULTURAL INCOMEHOUSEHOLD PRODUCTIVITYINCOME VARIABILITYINCENTIVESCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONAGRICULTURAL INVESTMENTSSAVINGS BEHAVIORHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONINCOME GENERATIONRESOURCES DEPLETIONSAFEGUARDSDECENTRALIZATION IN MANAGEMENTDIVERSIFICATIONLINKAGESHUMAN CAPITALREINVESTMENTS AGGREGATE INCOMEAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAVAILABLE DATAAVERAGE ANNUALCAPITA GROWTHCASE STUDIESCASE STUDYCITIZENSCOMMON PROPERTYCOMMUNITY LEVELCURRENCY UNITDATA COLLECTIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRYDEVELOPMENT INDICATORSDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEDIRECT IMPACTDISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSISDONOR COMMUNITYECONOMIC ACTIVITIESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC MANAGEMENTECONOMICSEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPIRICAL RESEARCHEMPIRICAL RESULTSEMPIRICAL WORKEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT STATUSENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL GOODSENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESEXCHANGE RATEEXPENDITURESEXPLOITATIONEXTERNAL SHOCKSEXTERNALITIESFINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITYFISHERIESFORESTRYHEALTH CAREHEALTH STATUSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD MEMBERSHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTINCOMEINCOME GENERATIONINCOME INDIVIDUALSINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME QUINTILESINCOME SHOCKSINCOME SOURCESINCOMESINCREASED INEQUALITYINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTLAND USELIFE EXPECTANCYLOCAL COMMUNITIESLOCAL CONDITIONSLOCAL LEVELSLOW INCOMEMEAN INCOMESMORTALITYNATIONAL AVERAGENATIONAL ECONOMYNATIONAL LEVELNATURAL CAPITALNATURAL RESOURCE BASENATURAL RESOURCESNONRENEWABLE RESOURCESNUTRITIONOILOVERGRAZINGPER CAPITA GROWTHPERVERSE SUBSIDIESPOLICY CHOICESPOLICY DECISIONSPOLICY DESIGNPOLICY DEVELOPMENTPOLICY DIRECTIONSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY OPTIONSPOLITICAL LEADERSHIPPOLLUTIONPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPOVERTY TRENDSPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRODUCTIVE POTENTIALPRODUCTIVITYPROPERTY RIGHTSQUALITY CONTROLRECYCLINGREDUCING POVERTYRENEWABLE RESOURCESRESOURCE USERESOURCES MANAGEMENTRURAL APPRAISALRURAL AREASRURAL ECONOMYRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL POORRURAL POVERTYSAMPLE HOUSEHOLDSSAVINGSSECONDARY SOURCESSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL CONFLICTSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL SERVICESSOIL PRODUCTIVITYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USETACKLING POVERTYTASK TEAM LEADERTIMBERURBAN AREASURBAN CENTERSURBANIZATIONWATER SUPPLYWETLANDSWorld Bank10.1596/14612