World Bank2013-02-202013-02-202012https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12432Agriculture sector growth has made a powerful contribution to post-war economic recovery in Tajikistan, accounting for approximately one third of overall economic growth from 1998 to 2004. Sector output increased by 65 percent in real terms during this period, and has now returned to the level extant at independence in 1990. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) has also increased, by 3 percent per year. Despite this progress, there is legitimate concern that this growth is unsustainable. Evidence suggests that it has been driven largely by the external factors noted above, rather than substantive changes to resources, incentives and the behavior of factor and commodity markets. First, an extensive program of policy reform, particularly in the area of land ownership, has yet to make a substantial impact on the incentive structure for agricultural workers cultivating the majority of arable land. Second, sustainable growth requires positive net investment. Third, commodity markets remain weak, with a limited capacity to translate increased demand into improved production incentives. And fourth, growth in crop production has been largely driven by low value food and cereal crops. A sustainable increase in access to rural finance will require much greater emphasis on the development of alternative sources of finance for all of agriculture, in addition to resolution of the cotton debt crisis. The capacity for agricultural loan appraisal and management also needs to be strengthened, new collateral instruments introduced and new loan products developed, which are suited to agriculture in general and small-scale farmers in particular.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO ASSETSACCESS TO INFORMATIONACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATERAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL SECTORARABLE LANDAVERAGE WAGESCALORIE AVAILABILITYCALORIE INTAKECALORIES PER DAYCASH CROPSCHANGES IN POVERTYCHRONIC MALNUTRITIONCLEAN WATERCOLLECTIVE FARMSCONSUMPTION PER CAPITACOTTON PRODUCTIONCREDIT CONSTRAINTSDAILY CALORIESDEPENDENT VARIABLEDESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSDETERMINANT OF POVERTYDETERMINANTS OF POVERTYDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPING WORLDDIETARY DIVERSITYDISTRIBUTION OF LANDDRINKING WATERECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESESTIMATED COEFFICIENTSESTIMATION RESULTSFAMILY MEMBERSFARM ACTIVITIESFARM INCOMEFARM INCOMESFARM SELF-EMPLOYMENTFARM WORKFARM WORKERSFARMERFARMERSFINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIESFINANCIAL MARKETSFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD EXPENDITUREFOOD EXPENDITURESFOOD INSECURITYFOOD PREFERENCESFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONSGINI COEFFICIENTHEADCOUNT POVERTYHEALTH CAREHIGH POVERTYHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTIONHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD SIZEIMPACT ON POVERTYIMPACT ON POVERTY REDUCTIONINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME GENERATIONINCOME GROUPSINCOME LEVELSINCOME POVERTYINCOME QUINTILEINCOME SHORTFALLINEQUALITYLABOR FORCELAND ASSETSLAND DISTRIBUTIONLAND HOLDINGSLAND OWNERSHIPLAND REFORMLAND REFORMSLANDLESS HOUSEHOLDSLIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIESLIVELIHOOD STRATEGIESLIVESTOCK ASSETSLIVESTOCK OUTPUTLIVESTOCK OWNERSHIPLIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITYLIVING STANDARDSLOW WAGESMAJORITY OF FARMERSMALNUTRITIONMARGINAL EFFECTMEATMILKMOUNTAIN AREASMOUNTAINOUS AREASNONFARM INCOMEPENSION PAYMENTSPER CAPITA EXPENDITUREPER CAPITA INCOMEPOLICY INSTRUMENTPOLICY VARIABLESPOORPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INCOMESPOOR PERSONPOOR REGIONPOORER HOUSEHOLDSPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY GAP INDEXPOVERTY IMPACTPOVERTY INDEXPOVERTY INDICESPOVERTY LEVELPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY PROFILESPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY SEVERITYPOVERTY STATUSPRIVATE TRANSFERSPROTEIN CONTENTREDUCING POVERTYREGIONAL CAPITALREGIONAL DIFFERENCESREGIONAL ECONOMYREGIONAL LABORREGIONAL LABOR MARKETSREGIONAL LEVELREGIONAL POVERTYREMOTE AREASRURALRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL COUNTERPARTSRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL FAMILIESRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL HOUSEHOLD MEMBERSRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL LABORRURAL MIGRANTSRURAL POVERTYRURAL POVERTY LEVELSRURAL POVERTY RATERURAL POVERTY REDUCTIONRURAL POVERTY STATUSRURAL REGIONSSAFETY NETSANITATIONSAVINGSSCHOOLINGSIGNIFICANT IMPACTSPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONSQUARED POVERTY GAPSQUARED POVERTY GAP INDEXSUBSISTENCETARGETINGTRANSACTION COSTSURBAN AREASURBAN POVERTYVEGETABLESWAGE EMPLOYMENTWAGE RATESWARWorld Bank10.1596/12432