Manor, James2012-05-302012-05-302007978-0-8213-6201-3https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6636Presented in this study are nine development initiatives in six less developed countries - Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Timor Leste and Uganda. The cases show that development initiatives, which engage local communities and local level governments, are often able to have significant impact. However, for more substantial improvements to take places, localized gains need to be scaled up either horizontally (other localities) or vertically (to higher levels). Given the advantages of working at the local level and the difficulty of working through mainstream bureaucratic agencies at higher levels in these countries, donors often prefer to create 'parallel-agencies' to reach out to larger numbers of beneficiaries. However, this may in the long run weaken the legitimacy of mainstream government institutions, and donor agencies may therefore choose to work as closely as possible with government officials from the beginning to build trust and demonstrating that new initiatives are non-threatening and help prepare the eventual mainstreaming of parallel agencies.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABUSEACCOUNTABILITYAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTAIDAID COORDINATIONAID EFFECTIVENESSARMED CONFLICTARMED CONFLICTSAUTHORITYBRACCAPACITY BUILDINGCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCHILD MORTALITYCHILD MORTALITY RATESCITIZENSCIVIL SOCIETYCIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONSCOMMUNITY ACTIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTCOMMUNITY EMPOWERMENTCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONCOMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENTCONSENSUSCORRUPTIONCRIMECRISESDECENTRALIZATIONDECISION MAKINGDEMOCRATIZATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT AGENCIESDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDEVELOPMENT COOPERATIONDEVELOPMENT EFFORTSDEVELOPMENT FUNDSDEVELOPMENT INDICATORSDEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONSDEVELOPMENT POLICIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDEVELOPMENT PROCESSDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMSDISCRETIONARY POWERSDISEASESDISSEMINATIONDISTRICTSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECTSECONOMIC GROWTHEDUCATIONEMERGENCIESEPIDEMICEXPENDITUREFINANCIAL SUPPORTGOVERNANCE OUTCOMESGOVERNANCE PROGRAMGOVERNMENT AGENCIESGOVERNMENT AGENCYGOVERNMENT CAPACITYGOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONSGOVERNMENT OFFICIALSHABITATHEALTHHEALTH CAREHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH INDICATORSHEALTH POLICYHEALTH SECTORHUMAN RESOURCESINCOMEINEQUITIESINSTITUTION BUILDINGINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKINSTITUTIONAL REFORMINSTITUTIONAL STRUCTUREINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERVENTIONLARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLELEGAL STATUSLEGITIMACYLIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIESLOCAL AUTHORITIESLOCAL COMMUNITIESLOCAL COUNCILSLOCAL DEVELOPMENTLOCAL GOVERNANCELOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIESLOCAL INSTITUTIONSLOCAL KNOWLEDGELOCAL LEVELSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMORTALITYMUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL HEALTH POLICYNATIONAL LEADERSNATIONAL LEVELNATIONSNONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZED CRIMEORPHANSPARTICIPATORY PROCESSESPEACEPERFORMANCE INDICATORSPOLICY MAKERSPOLITICAL INSTITUTIONSPOLITICAL SYSTEMPOLITICAL SYSTEMSPOOR GOVERNANCEPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGYPRACTITIONERSPRIME MINISTERPROGRESSPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONPUBLIC AFFAIRSPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCEREFUGEEREFUGEESREHABILITATIONREPRESENTATIVESRIGHT TO EDUCATIONRURAL AREASRURAL DEVELOPMENTSERVICE DELIVERYSOCIAL ACTIONSOCIAL EXCLUSIONSOVEREIGN STATESSOVEREIGNTYSPILLOVERSTATE INSTITUTIONSSUBNATIONAL LEVELSSUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNOCRATSTRANSPARENCYUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEUNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEESVULNERABILITYWARWARSWASTEWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-6201-3