World Bank2012-06-152012-06-152006-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/8152This study answers the key questions on marine protected areas (MPAs) by assessing country experience with these and other tools along the marine management area continuum that have been adopted to address loss of biodiversity and fisheries and other marine resource degradation, which have eroded traditional use rights and cultural identify. In light of the confusing array of MPA types and other Marine Management Areas, the report creates a typology of tools based on their structure and objectives and commented on their relative effectiveness in achieving objectives, including marine conservation. Finally, the report assesses the best way of scaling up these interventions to achieve results at meaningful scales through replication, networking, or mainstreaming onto other platforms. The main findings of this report were: open access is a principal driver of resource degradation in coastal commons; enforceable governance systems will be required to begin to deal with the formidable problem of regulating access (including types and rates of resource exploitation)-systems that can accommodate different marine coastal and marine environments and that do not undermine local cultural values and practices; while they can be successful in regulating access and use, particularly at the scale of local community-managed reserves, MPAs are fragile governance structures; they require ongoing stakeholder participation in co-management arrangements with authorities and adequate resources to enforce limited entry and use; MPAs are costly to establish and maintain; MPAs cannot survive in isolation; and a broad spectrum of MPA and other emerging coastal and marine management (CMM) frameworks are now in use.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADVERSE IMPACTSAGRICULTURAL PRACTICESALLOWABLE CATCHALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODSAQUACULTUREAQUATIC RESOURCESAREA CLOSURESARTISANAL FISHINGBARRIER REEFBENEFIT STREAMSBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBIODIVERSITY LOSSBIODIVERSITY PROTECTIONBIODIVERSITY VALUEBIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIESBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYBIOLOGICAL PROCESSESBIOMASSBIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE RESERVEBIOSPHERE RESERVESBLUE PLANETBRAZILIAN COASTBUFFER ZONESCLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE PHENOMENACOASTAL AREACOASTAL COMMUNITIESCOASTAL CONSERVATIONCOASTAL DEVELOPMENTCOASTAL ECOSYSTEMSCOASTAL ENVIRONMENTSCOASTAL FISHERIESCOASTAL MANAGEMENTCOASTAL RESOURCESCOASTAL WATERSCOASTAL ZONECOASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENTCOASTLINECOMMON PROPERTYCOMPARATIVE ANALYSISCONSERVATION BIOLOGYCONSERVATION COMMUNITYCONSERVATION EFFORTSCONSERVATION PRIORITIESCORALCORAL BLEACHINGCORAL REEFCORAL REEFSCORRIDORSCRITICAL HABITATCULTURAL HERITAGECULTURAL RESOURCESCULTURAL VALUESDECISION MAKINGDEMOGRAPHIC GROWTHDESTRUCTIVE FISHINGECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGEECOLOGICAL PROCESSESECOLOGICAL PROTECTIONECOLOGICAL RESERVEECOLOGYECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMIC PROCESSESECONOMICSECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENTECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONECOSYSTEM GOODSECOSYSTEM HEALTHECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENTECOSYSTEM RESTORATIONECOSYSTEM STRUCTUREEFFECTIVE MONITORINGEMISSIONSENCROACHMENTENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL USEENVIRONMENTSEXPLOITATIONEXTERNALITIESFARMSFISHFISH POPULATIONSFISH STOCKFISH STOCKSFISHERIESFISHERIES MANAGEMENTFISHERIES RESOURCESFISHERSFISHERY MANAGEMENTFISHINGFISHING EFFORTFISHING GROUNDSFISHING RIGHTSFOOD CHAINFOOD SECURITYFOOD WEBFORESTSFRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMSGENETIC DIVERSITYGHOST FISHINGGREAT BARRIER REEFHABITATHABITAT PROTECTIONHABITATSHIGH SEASHUMAN ACTIVITIESHUMAN BEHAVIORHUMAN FOOTPRINTHUMAN IMPACTSHUMAN POPULATIONINTERNATIONAL FISHERIESISSUESLAND USELANDSCAPELANDSCAPESLARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMLARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMSLARGE MARINE PREDATORSLEVEL OF PROTECTIONLIVELIHOODSLOSS OF BIODIVERSITYMANGROVESMARINE AREASMARINE BIODIVERSITYMARINE CAPTURE FISHERIESMARINE CONSERVATIONMARINE ECOLOGYMARINE ECOSYSTEMSMARINE ENVIRONMENTMARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONMARINE ENVIRONMENTSMARINE FISHERIESMARINE FOODMARINE FOOD WEBSMARINE HABITATMARINE HABITATSMARINE LIFEMARINE PARKMARINE POLICYMARINE POLLUTIONMARINE PREDATORSMARINE PRODUCTSMARINE RESERVESMARINE RESOURCEMARINE RESOURCESMARINE RESOURCES MANAGEMENTMARINE SCIENCEMARINE SPECIESMARINE SYSTEMSMOUNTAINSNATIONAL MARINE PARKNATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARYNATIONAL PARKSNATURAL RESOURCESNATUREOCEANSOFFSHORE DRILLINGOILOPEN ACCESSOPEN OCEANOPEN TO FISHINGPARK AUTHORITYPARTICIPATORY APPROACHESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTIONPOPULATION DYNAMICSPOPULATION PRESSUREPOPULATION PRESSURESPREDATORY FISHPROPERTY RIGHTSPROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITYPUBLIC EXPENDITURESPURCHASING POWERQUOTASRECREATIONAL FISHINGRED LISTRELATIVE VALUEREPLENISHMENTRESOURCE CONSERVATIONRESOURCE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE USESCIENTIFIC RESEARCHSEA CHANGESHIPSSPATIAL MANAGEMENTSPAWNING STOCKSPECIESSPECIES DIVERSITYSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE FISHERIESSUSTAINABLE USETERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSTERRESTRIAL SYSTEMSTERRITORIAL WATERSTOURISMTRADITIONAL USETRAGEDY OF THE COMMONSUPLAND AREASUSER RIGHTSVEGETATIONWASTE MANAGEMENTWETLANDSWILDLIFEWILDLIFE MANAGEMENTWORLD FISHERIESWorld Bank10.1596/8152