Bougnoux, NathalieWodon, QuentinLiverani, AndreaJoseph, GeorgeWodon, QuentinLiverani, AndreaJoseph, GeorgeBougnoux, Nathalie2014-07-212014-07-212014-07-15978-0-8213-9971-210.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18929Climate change is a major source of concern in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and migration is often understood as one of several strategies used by households to respond to changes in climate and environmental conditions, including extreme weather events. This study focuses on the link between climate change and migration. Most micro-level studies measure climate change either by the incidences of extreme weather events or by variation in temperature or rainfall. A few studies have found that formal and informal institutions as well as policies also affect migration. Institutions that make government more responsive to households (for example through public spending) discourage both international and domestic migration in the aftermath of extreme weather events. Migration is often an option of last resort after vulnerable rural populations attempting to cope with new and challenging circumstances have exhausted other options such as eating less, selling assets, or removing children from school. This study is based in large part on new data collected in 2011 in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and the Republic of Yemen. The surveys were administered by in-country partners to a randomly selected set of 800 households per country. It is also important to emphasize that neither the household survey results nor the findings from the qualitative focus groups are meant to be representative of the five countries in which the work was carried, since only a few areas were surveyed in each country. This report is organized as follows: section one gives synthesis. Section two discusses household perceptions about climate change and extreme weather events. Section three focuses on migration as a coping mechanisms and income diversification strategy. Section four examines other coping and adaptation strategies. Section five discusses perceptions about government and community programs.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAFFECTED COMMUNITIESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAIRAIR POLLUTIONALLOCATIONBASIC NEEDSBENEFITS OF MIGRATIONCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTCLIMATE EVENTSCLIMATE FACTORSCLIMATE IMPACTSCLIMATE PATTERNSCLIMATE RISKSCLIMATE VARIABLESCLIMATE-RELATED DISASTERSCLIMATIC CHANGECLIMATIC CHANGESCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCLIMATIC FACTORSCLIMATIC VARIABLESCOLORSCONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATIONCOPE WITH CLIMATE CHANGECOST OF CLIMATE CHANGECOST-BENEFITCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSISCROP FAILUREDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONSDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISEASESDRINKING WATERDROUGHTECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC IMPACTSECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIESEDUCATION OF CHILDRENEFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGEELECTRICITYEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESENVIRONMENTAL CHANGEENVIRONMENTAL CHANGESENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSEXCESSIVE RAINEXTREME TEMPERATURESEXTREME WEATHEREXTREME WEATHER EVENTSFAMILY MEMBERSFERTILIZERSFLOODFLOODINGFLOODSFUTURE CLIMATE CHANGEGOVERNMENT INITIATIVESGOVERNMENT PROGRAMSGOVERNMENT RESPONSEHEALTH CAREHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH RISKSHIGH TEMPERATURESHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMMIGRANTSIMMUNIZATIONIMPACT OF CLIMATEIMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACT OF WEATHERIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPACTS OF WEATHERINADEQUATE RAINFALLINCOMEINTERNAL MIGRATIONINTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONIPCCISSUES OF POVERTYJOB OPPORTUNITIESJOB TRAININGJOBSKIDSLABOR MARKETLAKESLARGE CITIESLEGAL STATUSLIVING CONDITIONSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOWER PRICESMIGRANTMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMIGRATION FLOWSMIGRATION POLICYMIGRATION STATISTICSMINORITYMOVEMENTS OF PEOPLENATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE IMPACTNEGATIVE IMPACTSNUMBER OF PEOPLEPER CAPITA INCOMEPESTICIDESPLACE OF RESIDENCEPOLICY DEVELOPMENTPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESPONSEPOLITICAL LEADERSHIPPOPULATION DATAPOPULATION GROUPSPOTENTIAL MIGRANTSPRECIPITATIONPROVISION OF EDUCATIONPUBLIC SPENDINGPULL FACTORSPUSH FACTORPUSH FACTORSRAINRAINFALLRAINFALL REDUCTIONRAINY SEASONREMITTANCEREMITTANCESRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL RESIDENTSSAFETY NETSAFETY NETSSCHOOL ENROLMENTSEA LEVELSEASONAL TEMPERATURESOCIAL NORMSSOCIOECONOMIC FACTORSSOCIOECONOMIC STATUSSOIL DEGRADATIONSOIL EROSIONSTORMSSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTEMPERATURETEMPERATURE VARIABILITYTEMPERATURESTEMPORARY MIGRATIONTOLERANCETRANSPORTATIONUNCERTAINTIESUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT LEVELSURBAN AREASURBAN COMMUNITIESURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN DWELLERSURBAN POPULATIONURBANIZATIONVULNERABILITYWATER DISTRIBUTIONWATER SCARCITYWEATHER CONDITIONSWEATHER DATAWEATHER EVENTWEATHER PATTERNSWEATHER SHOCKWEATHER SHOCKSWEATHER STATIONWEATHER STATION DATAWEATHER VARIABLESWOMANYOUNG WOMEN10.1596/978-0-8213-9971-2