D'Souza, AnnaJolliffe, Dean2012-04-272012-04-272012-04https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6027This paper investigates the impact of increases in wheat flour prices on household food security using unique nationally-representative data collected in Afghanistan from 2007 to 2008. It uses a new estimator, the Unconditional Quantile Regression estimator, based on influence functions, to examine the marginal effects of price increases at different locations on the distributions of several food security measures. The estimates reveal that the negative marginal effect of a price increase on food consumption is two and a half times larger for households that can afford to cut the value of food consumption (75th quantile) than for households at the bottom (25th quantile) of the food-consumption distribution. Similarly, households with diets high in calories reduce intake substantially, but those at the bottom of the calorie distribution (25th quantile) make very small changes in intake as a result of the price increases. In contrast, households at the bottom of the dietary diversity distribution make the largest adjustments in the quality of their diets, since such households often live at subsistence levels and cannot make large cuts in caloric intake without suffering serious health consequences. These results provide empirical evidence that when faced with staple-food price increases, food-insecure households sacrifice quality (diversity) in order to protect calories. The large differences in behavioral responses of households that lie at the top and bottom of these distributions suggest that policy analyses relying solely on ordinary least squares estimates may be misleading.CC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO FOODACCESS TO MARKETSACCESS TO SERVICESAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSAGRICULTURAL LANDAGRICULTUREAVERAGE PRICESBREADCALORIC INTAKECALORIE INTAKECALORIES PER DAYCALORIES PER PERSONCALORIES PER PERSON PER DAYCENTRAL REGIONCHILD NUTRITIONCOMMODITY PRICECOMMODITY PRICESCONDIMENTSCONFLICTCONSUMPTION QUINTILESCOOKINGDIETARY DIVERSITYDRINKING WATERDROUGHTDURABLE GOODSECONOMIC SHOCKECONOMIC SHOCKSFEMALE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERSFOOD AIDFOOD COMPOSITIONFOOD CONSUMPTIONFOOD CONSUMPTION DATAFOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNSFOOD EXPENDITUREFOOD INSECURITYFOOD INTAKEFOOD ITEMSFOOD NEEDSFOOD POLICYFOOD POVERTYFOOD POVERTY LINEFOOD PREFERENCESFOOD PRICEFOOD PRICE INFLATIONFOOD PRICESFOOD QUANTITYFOOD SECURITYFOODSFRUITGRAINSHOUSEHOLD COMPOSITIONHOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITYHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD HEADSHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHOUSEHOLD WELFAREHOUSINGIFPRIINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINVENTORYLAMBMALNUTRITIONMARKET ACCESSMARKET PRICEMICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIESMILKMOUNTAINOUS AREASMOUNTAINOUS COUNTRYNATIONAL POVERTYNATIONAL POVERTY LINENATIONAL POVERTY RATENUTRIENT ABSORPTIONNUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL CONSEQUENCESNUTRITIONAL STATUSPER CAPITA CONSUMPTIONPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR INFRASTRUCTUREPOORER HOUSEHOLDSPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY STATUSPRICE CHANGESPRICE EFFECTPRICE INCREASEPRICE INCREASESPRICE INDEXPULSESPURCHASINGRETAILRETAIL PRICESRICERURALRURAL AREASRURAL INEQUALITYRURAL POORRURAL REHABILITATIONSAFETY NETSPICESSTAPLE FOODSSTOCKSSUBSISTENCESUBSISTENCE FARMERSSUBSTITUTESUGARSUPPLIERSTARGETINGTRANSACTION COSTSVEGETABLESVOLATILITYVULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTVULNERABLE GROUPSVULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDSWAGE EARNERSWAGE PREMIUMWFPWHEATWHEAT FLOURWHEAT MARKETSWORLD FOOD PROGRAMMEWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6024