Patrinos, Harry Anthony2023-04-262023-04-262023-04-26https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/39741COVID-19 led to school closures and emergency remote learning systems. It is feared that students learned less when they were remote. This paper analyzes school closures during the pandemic using a unique data base. The determinants of the duration of school closures estimates were used to instrument school closures – stringency of lockdown and vaccination – and causally estimate the impact of duration on learning. It is estimated that for every week that schools were closed, learning levels declined by almost 1 percent of a standard deviation. This means that a 20 week closure, for example, would reduce learning outcomes by 0.20 standard deviation, almost one year of schooling.enCC BY 3.0 IGOSCHOOL CLOSURECOVID-19 PANDEMICLEARNING LOSSEMERGENCY REMOTE LEARNINGVACCINATION AND EDUCATIONQUALITY OF REMOTE TEACHINGWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-10420