Arbelaez, JulianaAlmeida, RitaKuddo, ArvoHonorati, MaddalenaLohmann, TanjaOvadiya, MireyPop, LucianWeber, MichaelSanchez Puerta, Maria Laura2013-05-282013-05-282012-03-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13549Throughout the developing world there is a growing demand for advice on the design of policies to facilitate access of the most vulnerable individuals to jobs, while reducing their dependency from public income support schemes. Even though these policies are common to both the activation and graduation agendas, a separation is needed as the graduation of beneficiaries out of poverty is a much more ambitious agenda. This paper proposes a simple policy framework highlighting the most common barriers for productive employment. It also reviews the topic of incentive compatibility of income support schemes and employment support programs that are used to address them. The paper finds that, especially in middle income countries, activation and active labor market programs play an important role connecting individuals to jobs and improving earnings opportunities. In low income countries, these programs are far from being a panacea to graduate beneficiaries out of poverty. Furthermore, only scant evidence is available on the pathways to graduation and significant knowledge gaps remain. More cross-disciplinary research is needed to strengthen the evidence base and develop recommendations for different contexts and capacity levels.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO MARKETSACCOUNTABILITYACCOUNTINGACTIVE LABORACTIVE LABOR MARKETACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICYACTIVE LABOR MARKET PROGRAMSADMINISTRATIVE COSTSADULT EDUCATIONASSISTANCE PROGRAMSBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYBENEFIT AMOUNTBENEFIT LEVELBENEFIT LEVELSBORROWINGCAPITAL MARKETSCASH TRANSFERSCLAIMING UNEMPLOYMENTCONDITIONAL CASHCONTROL GROUPSCULTURAL FACTORSCULTURE OF DEPENDENCYDECLINING UNEMPLOYMENTDELIVERY MODELSEARLY RETIREMENTECONOMIC CRISISECONOMIC DOWNTURNSECONOMIC RECOVERYELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTSEMPLOYABILITYEMPLOYMENT EFFECTSEMPLOYMENT OFFICESEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT PROGRAMSEMPLOYMENT SERVICESEMPLOYMENT STATUSEXTERNAL FINANCINGFAMILY ALLOWANCESFAMILY BENEFITFEE WAIVERSFINDING WORKFOOD AIDFOOD TRANSFERSFORMAL LABOR MARKETGDPGMIGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGUARANTEED MINIMUM INCOMEHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH ORGANIZATIONHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISESHOUSEHOLD HEADSHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTIMPACT EVALUATIONINCENTIVE SCHEMESINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME POVERTYINCOME SUPPORTINCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMINCOME SUPPORT PROGRAMSINCOME SUPPORT SYSTEMSINCOME TAX CREDITSINCOME TRANSFERINCOME TRANSFERSINFORMAL EMPLOYMENTINFORMAL SECTORINFORMAL SECTOR WORKERSINNOVATIONINSURANCE SCHEMESINSURANCE SYSTEMSJOB LOSSJOB OFFERSJOB SEARCHJOB SEARCH ASSISTANCEJOB SEARCH WORKSHOPJOB TRAININGJOBSLABOR DEMANDLABOR FORCELABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR MARKET CONDITIONSLABOR MARKET INTERVENTIONSLABOR MARKET OUTCOMESLABOR MARKETSLABOR ORGANIZATIONLABOR POLICIESLABOR PRODUCTIVITYLABOR REGULATIONSLABOR RESOURCESLABOR SUPPLYLACK OF SKILLSLIMITED CAPACITYLONG TERM UNEMPLOYMENTMACROECONOMIC STABILITYMARKET WAGEMINIMUM INCOMEMINIMUM WAGEMONITORING COSTSMORAL HAZARDNUTRITIONOCCUPATIONSPARTICIPATION OF BENEFICIARIESPARTTIME EMPLOYMENTPAYROLL TAXESPENSIONPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOORPOOR INFRASTRUCTUREPOOR PEOPLEPOVERTY RATESPRIVATE COMPANYPRIVATE PROVIDERSPRIVATE PROVISIONPRIVATE SECTORPRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENTPROGRAM CONDITIONALPROGRAM DESIGNPROGRAM EFFECTIVENESSPROGRAM ELIGIBILITYPROGRAM EVALUATIONPROPERTY RIGHTSPROTECTION SYSTEMPROTECTION SYSTEMSPUBLIC EMPLOYMENTPUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICESPUBLIC SUPPORTPUBLIC TRANSFERSPUBLIC WORKSPUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMSREEMPLOYMENT BONUSRESERVATION WAGERISK MANAGEMENTRURALRURAL AREASSAFETYSAFETY NETSAFETY NET PROGRAMSSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSAVINGS ACCOUNTSSELF EMPLOYEDSELF TARGETINGSERVICE PROVIDERSSHORT TERM EMPLOYMENTSINGLE MOTHERSSKILLED WORKERSSKILLS DEVELOPMENTSKILLS TRAININGSOCIAL ACTIONSOCIAL ACTION FUNDSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL BENEFITSSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL INSURANCESOCIAL PENSIONSSOCIAL POLICIESSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL PROGRAMSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL SAFETY NETSOCIAL SAFETY NETSSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL WELFARESOCIAL WORKERSSSNTARGETED TRANSFERSTARGETINGTAX CREDITSTAXATIONTRAINING PROGRAMSTRAINING REQUIREMENTSTRANSITION ECONOMIESTREATMENT GROUPSUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT DURATIONUNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCEUNEMPLOYMENT SPELLUNSKILLED LABORUNSKILLED WORKVOCATIONAL TRAININGVOCATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMSVULNERABLE INDIVIDUALSWAGE RATESWAGE SUBSIDIESWAGE SUBSIDYWAGE WORKWAGESWELFARE PROGRAMSWELFARE RECIPIENTSWORK ACTIVITIESWORK EXPERIENCEWORK INCENTIVESWORK PROGRAMWORK REQUIREMENTWORKERWORKERSWORKFAREWORKFARE PROGRAMSWORKING CAPITALYOUTH EMPLOYMENTactivationincentive compatibilityWorld Bank10.1596/13549