Collier, PaulElliott, V. L.Hegre, HåvardHoeffler, AnkeReynal-Querol, MartaSambanis, Nicholas2013-06-132013-06-1320030-8213-5481-7https://hdl.handle.net/10986/13938Most wars are now civil wars. Even though international wars attract enormous global attention, they have become infrequent and brief. Civil wars usually attract less attention, but they have become increasingly common and typically go on for years. This report argues that civil war is now an important issue for development. War retards development, but conversely, development retards war. This double causation gives rise to virtuous and vicious circles. Where development succeeds, countries become progressively safer from violent conflict, making subsequent development easier. Where development fails, countries are at high risk of becoming caught in a conflict trap in which war wrecks the economy and increases the risk of further war. The global incidence of civil war is high because the international community has done little to avert it. Inertia is rooted in two beliefs: that we can safely 'let them fight it out among themselves' and that 'nothing can be done' because civil war is driven by ancestral ethnic and religious hatreds. The purpose of this report is to challenge these beliefs.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICESADULT MORTALITYAIDS PANDEMICARMAMENTSARMED CONFLICTARMED FORCESARMSARMS RACEARMYASYLUMASYLUM SEEKERSATROCITIESBABIESBANBASIS FOR ACTIONBOMBINGBOUNDARIESCENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGYCHILDBEARINGCITIZENSCIVIL CONFLICTCIVIL DISORDERCIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL SOCIETYCIVIL WARCIVIL WARSCIVILIAN CASUALTIESCIVILIAN POPULATIONCOLD WARCOLONIALISMCOMBATCONFLICT PREVENTIONCONFLICT RESOLUTIONCONFLICTSCONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCECOST OF WARCOUNTERINSURGENCYCOUNTERPARTSCOUNTRY OF ORIGINCRIMINALITYDEATHSDECOLONIZATIONDEFENCEDEMOBILIZATIONDEMOCRACYDEPENDENCEDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIESDISABILITYDISARMAMENTDISASTERDISASTERSDISEASESDISPLACED PERSONDISPLACED PERSONSDISPUTESDISSEMINATIONDRUGDRUGSEARTHQUAKESECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC STATUSENTREPRENEURSEPIDEMICEX-COMBATANTSEXTERNAL DEBTFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY SIZEFARMERSFATALITIESFIGHTINGFLOODEDFOOD PRODUCTIONFORCED MIGRATIONFORCED SEXGENOCIDEGLOBAL EFFORTGLOBAL POVERTYGOVERNMENT POLICIESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROSS NATIONAL PRODUCTHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE SYSTEMHEALTH CENTERSHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH PROBLEMSHEALTH SYSTEMHEALTHY LIFEHIVHIV INFECTIONHOST COUNTRYHOUSEHOLD LEVELHUMAN RIGHTSHURRICANESIMFIMPOSED PEACEINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINFANT MORTALITY RATEINFANT MORTALITY RATESINFECTIOUS DISEASEINFECTIOUS DISEASESINSURANCEINTERCOURSEINTERNAL WARSINTERNATIONAL ACTIONINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL COMMUNITYINTERNATIONAL LEVELINTERNATIONAL MEDIATIONINTERNATIONAL POLICIESINTERNATIONAL POLICYINTERNATIONAL REFUGEESINTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTINTERNATIONAL WARLACK OF KNOWLEDGELAND- MINELANDMINELANDMINESLARGE NUMBERS OF REFUGEESLARGE POPULATIONSLEGAL STATUSLIFE EXPECTANCYLIVE BIRTHSLIVING CONDITIONSLOCAL POPULATIONLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESLOW-INCOME COUNTRYMALARIAMASS VIOLENCEMEASLESMENINGITISMENTAL HEALTHMILITARIZATIONMILITARY ACTIVITYMILITARY EXPENDITUREMILITARY EXPENDITURESMILITARY INTERVENTIONMILITARY INTERVENTIONSMILITARY PERSONNELMILITARY SPENDINGMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINESWEEPINGMINORITYMORTALITYMORTALITY RATENATIONAL LEVELNATIONALISMNATIONSNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEGOTIATED SETTLEMENTNEGOTIATIONNEIGHBORING STATESNONCOMBATANTSNONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONNUMBER OF REFUGEESORDNANCEPEACEPEACE RESEARCHPEACEKEEPINGPEACEKEEPING FORCESPOLICY RESEARCHPOPULATION DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION SUBGROUPSPOSTCONFLICT SETTINGSPREGNANCYPREGNANCY RELATED CAUSESPREGNANT WOMENPREMATURE DEATHPROSTITUTIONPUBLIC HEALTHRAINFORESTRAPERAPISTSREBELREBEL ARMIESREBELSRECONSTRUCTIONREFUGEEREFUGEE CAMPSREFUGEE POPULATIONSREFUGEESRELIGIOUS GROUPSREPATRIATIONRESCUERESPECTRETURNEESRIOTSRISK OF DEATHRISK REDUCTIONRISKY BEHAVIORROADSRURAL AREASSAFETYSANITATIONSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPSSEXUALITYSEXUALITY ISSUESSEXUALLY ACTIVESEXUALLY ACTIVE MENSOCIAL CHANGESOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL CONSEQUENCESSOCIAL CONTROLSSOCIAL POLICIESSOCIAL PROGRESSSOLDIERSSPILLOVERSUPERPOWERTERRORISMTRAUMATREATYUNFPAURBAN AREASUSE OF RESOURCESVICTIMSVIOLENCEVIOLENT CONFLICTWARFAREWARSWARTIMEWEAPONSWOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGEWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONYOUNG MENWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-5481-0