World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192012-01-03https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2722In 2010, Kazakhstan entered into a customs union with Belarus and Russia. The first, relatively easy step in the implementation of the customs union was accomplished in 2010 with the adoption of a common external tariff, with varying exceptions in each of the three member countries. It is the intention of the customs union to eliminate the exceptions, in phases, by 2015. In fact, the goals of the customs union are much more ambitious than implementation of the common external tariff. The governments of the member countries are working to achieve deep integration in key areas. Clearly, successfully addressing the challenge of reducing trade-facilitation costs is a major task that requires significant institutional development both in Kazakhstan and in the other member countries of the customs union. It is very difficult, however, to assess the probability of success that the customs union will have with the reduction of these costs.CC BY 3.0 IGOAGRICULTURAL GOODSAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSAGRICULTUREANTIDUMPINGANTIDUMPING ACTIONSAPPARELAVERAGE TARIFFAVERAGE TARIFF RATEBARRIERS TO TRADEBASE YEARBENCHMARKBILATERAL FREE TRADEBILATERAL FREE TRADE AGREEMENTBORDER DELAYSCAPITAL EQUIPMENTCAPITAL STOCKCENTRAL ELASTICITYCHANGES IN TRADECOLLECTED TARIFFCOMMON EXTERNAL TARIFFCOMPETITION POLICYCOMPETITIVE GOODSCOMPETITIVE SECTORSCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALECONSUMERSCOUNTRY OF ORIGINCURRENCYCUSTOM UNIONCUSTOMSCUSTOMS CLEARANCECUSTOMS CONTROLCUSTOMS POSTSCUSTOMS UNIONCUSTOMS UNION AGREEMENTDEMAND CURVEDEMAND CURVESDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDIVERSION OF IMPORTSDOMESTIC FIRMSDOMESTIC MARKETDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONDOMESTIC SALESECONOMETRIC ESTIMATESECONOMIC COMMUNITYECONOMIC DISTORTIONSECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC RESEARCHELASTICITYELASTICITY OF DEMANDELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTIONENDOGENOUS GROWTHEXPANDING TRADEEXPORT COSTSEXPORT MARKETSEXPORT SHARESEXPORTERSEXPORTSEXTERNAL TARIFFSEXTERNALITIESFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTSFOREIGN FIRMSFOREIGN GOODSFOREIGN INVESTMENTFOREIGN INVESTORSFOREIGN TRADEFREE ACCESSFREE ENTRYFREE TRADEFREE TRADE AGREEMENTFUTURE RESEARCHGDPGENERAL EQUILIBRIUMGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELGLOBAL INTEGRATIONGOVERNMENT REGULATIONSIMPACT OF TRADEIMPORT DATAIMPORT DEMANDIMPORT PRICEIMPORT SHAREIMPORT-SUBSTITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATIONIMPORTED INTERMEDIATEIMPORTING GOODSIMPORTSINCREASING RETURNSINCREASING RETURNS TO SCALEINDUSTRIALIZATIONINTERMEDIATE GOODSINTERMEDIATE INPUTSINTERMEDIATE PRODUCTSINTERNAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL ECONOMICSINTERNATIONAL STANDARDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDSINTERNATIONAL TRADEKNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERSLABOR FORCELESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIESLOCAL CONTENTMANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITYMARGINAL COSTMARGINAL COSTSMARGINAL REVENUEMARKET ACCESSMARKET COUNTRIESMEMBER COUNTRIESMETAL PRODUCTSMONOPOLISTIC COMPETITIONMONOPOLYMUTUAL RECOGNITIONMUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENTSNONTARIFF BARRIERSNONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERSOIL PRODUCTIONOPEN ECONOMYOPENNESSOPTIMAL TARIFFSPREFERENTIAL ACCESSPREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTPREFERENTIAL COMMITMENTSPREFERENTIAL TRADEPREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTSPRICE INDEXPRIMARY FACTORSPRIMARY FACTORS OF PRODUCTIONPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONPRODUCT STANDARDSPRODUCTION FUNCTIONPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY GROWTHPROTECTION LEVELSREAL INCOMERENT SEEKINGRETURN ON CAPITALRETURNS TO SCALESAFETY CONSIDERATIONSSPECIALIZATIONSTANDARD ERRORSSUPPLY CURVESTARIFF-FREE ACCESSTARIFF CHANGESTARIFF DATATARIFF LINETARIFF LINESTARIFF POLICIESTARIFF PREFERENCESTARIFF RATETARIFF RATESTARIFF REVENUETARIFF REVENUESTARIFF-FREE ACCESSTARIFFS ON TRADETECHNICAL REGULATIONTECHNICAL REGULATIONSTECHNOLOGY DIFFUSIONTECHNOLOGY SPILLOVERSTECHNOLOGY TRANSFERTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOTAL REVENUETRADE ARRANGEMENTSTRADE COSTSTRADE DATATRADE EFFECTSTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FLOWSTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE MODELTRADE MORETRADE PARTNERSTRADE PATTERNSTRADE POLICYTRADE VALUETRADING PARTNERTRANSITION ECONOMIESTRANSITION PERIODTRANSITION PERIODSTRANSMISSION OF KNOWLEDGETRANSMISSION OF TECHNOLOGYTRANSPORT EQUIPMENTVALUE ADDEDVALUE OF EXPORTSVALUE OF IMPORTSVALUE OF TRADEWAGESWELFARE GAINSWORLD TRADEWORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONWTOZERO PROFITSWorld Bank10.1596/2722