Witter, SophieSomanathan, Aparnaa2013-01-022013-01-022012-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12036Demand-side financing approaches have been introduced in a number of low and middle-income countries, with a particular emphasis on sexual and reproductive health. This paper aims to bring together the global evidence on demand-side financing mechanisms, their impact on the delivery of sexual and reproductive health services, and the conditions under which they have been effective. The paper begins with a discussion of modalities for demand-side financing. It then examines 13 existing schemes, including cash incentives, vouchers, and longer term social protection policies. Based on the available literature, it collates evidence of their impact on utilization of services, access for the poor, financial protection, quality of care, and health outcomes. Evidence on costs and cost-effectiveness are examined, along with analysis of funding and sustainability of policies. Finally, the paper discusses the preconditions for effectiveness of demand-side financing schemes and the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. It also highlights the extent to which results for sexual and reproductive health services are likely to be generalizable to other types of health care. It is clear that some of these policies can produce impressive results, if the preconditions for effectiveness outlined are met. However, relatively few demand-side financing schemes have benefited from robust evaluation. Investigation of the impact on financial protection, equity, and health outcomes has been limited. Most importantly, cost effectiveness and the relative cost effectiveness of demand-side financing in relation to other strategies for achieving similar goals have not been assessed.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO EDUCATIONACCESS TO SERVICESADOLESCENTADOLESCENT HEALTHADOLESCENTSADULT HEALTHALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCYANTENATAL CAREBEHAVIOR CHANGEBEHAVIOUR CHANGEBIRTH ATTENDANTSBIRTH SPACINGBIRTH WEIGHTSCAESAREAN SECTIONCAESAREAN SECTIONSCAPITATIONCARE FOR ADOLESCENTSCHILD HEALTHCHILD HEALTH CARECHILDBIRTHCIRCUMCISIONCLINICSCOMMUNITY HEALTHCONDOMSCONTRACEPTIVE USECOST EFFECTIVENESSCOUNSELINGCULTURAL BARRIERSDEATHSDELIVERY CAREDESCRIPTIONDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISTRICTSDOCTORSDRUGSEDUCATED WOMENEMERGENCY OBSTETRIC CAREEMPOWERING WOMENEQUITABLE ACCESSEXCESS FERTILITYEXTERNALITIESFAMILIESFAMILY PLANNINGFEE FOR SERVICEFEMALEFEMALE ADOLESCENTSFINANCIAL MANAGEMENTFIRST AIDGENDERGIRLSGLOBAL DEVELOPMENTGONORRHEAGOOD GOVERNANCEHEALTH CAREHEALTH CARE COSTSHEALTH CARE SERVICESHEALTH COSTSHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH FACILITYHEALTH FINANCINGHEALTH INSTITUTIONSHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH INTERVENTIONSHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH POLICYHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH RISKSHEALTH SECTORHEALTH SEEKINGHEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOURHEALTH SERVICESHEALTH SYSTEMSHEALTH WORKERSHIGH-RISKHOME DELIVERIESHOSPITALHOUSEHOLDSHOUSINGHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHYGIENEIMMUNIZATIONIMMUNIZATIONSIMPACT EVALUATIONSIMPROVEMENTS IN QUALITY OF CAREINCENTIVE SCHEMESINCOMEINFECTION PREVENTIONINFORMATION SYSTEMSINSTITUTIONAL CAPACITYINTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTEINTERNATIONAL POLICYINTERVENTIONJALEVEL OF DEVELOPMENTLIVE BIRTHSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMALE CIRCUMCISIONMATERNAL HEALTHMATERNAL HEALTH CAREMATERNAL HEALTH SERVICESMATERNAL MORTALITYMEDICAL FACILITYMIDWIFEMILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALSMINISTRY OF HEALTHMODERN CONTRACEPTIONMODERN CONTRACEPTIVESMORTALITYMOTHERNATIONAL HEALTHNATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMNATIONAL POLICIESNEONATAL CARENEWBORNNUMBER OF BIRTHSNUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATIONNUTRITIONNUTRITIONAL STATUSOBSTETRIC CAREOBSTETRIC COMPLICATIONSPATIENTPATIENTSPERINATAL DEATHSPHARMACIESPILOT PROJECTSPOLICY DISCUSSIONSPOLICY FORMULATIONPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL LEADERSHIPPOLITICAL SUPPORTPOOR FAMILIESPOPULATION ACTIVITIESPOSTNATAL CAREPREGNANCIESPREGNANCYPREGNANCY CAREPREGNANT WOMANPREGNANT WOMENPREVENTIVE HEALTHPREVENTIVE HEALTH CAREPREVENTIVE STRATEGIESPRIMARY HEALTH CAREPRIMARY SCHOOLSPRIVATE PROVIDERSPROCESS EVALUATIONPROGRESSPROVIDER INCENTIVESPROVIDER PAYMENTPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SERVICESQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY CAREQUALITY OF CAREQUALITY OF SERVICESRADIOREPRODUCTIVE HEALTHREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CAREREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INTERVENTIONSREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICESREPRODUCTIVE SERVICESRESEARCH METHODSRISK GROUPSRURAL AREASSAFE DELIVERYSAFE MOTHERHOODSANITATIONSEXSEX WORKERSSEXUAL BEHAVIORSEXUAL HEALTHSEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONSSKILLED ATTENDANTSKILLED BIRTH ATTENDANCESKILLED BIRTH ATTENDANTSSOCIAL MARKETINGSOCIAL PROTECTION MECHANISMSSPILLOVERSTERILIZATIONSTISSURGERYSYPHILISTOLERANCETRANSPORTATIONTREATMENT SERVICESUNFPAUNWANTED BIRTHSURBAN AREASURBAN SLUMSUSER FEESVIOLENCEVOUCHER SCHEMEVOUCHER SCHEMESYOUNG CHILDWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-6213