Atkinson, GilesHamilton, KirkVan Der Mensbrugghe, DominiqueRuta, Giovanni2014-09-022014-09-022010-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19903The fact that developing countries do not have carbon emission caps under the Kyoto Protocol has led to the current interest in high-income countries in border taxes on the "virtual" carbon content of imports. The authors use Global Trade Analysis Project data and input-output analysis to estimate the flows of virtual carbon implicit in domestic production technologies and the pattern of international trade. The results present striking evidence on the wide variation in the carbon-intensiveness of trade across countries, with major developing countries being large net exporters of virtual carbon. The analysis suggests that tax rates of $50 per ton of virtual carbon could lead to very substantial effective tariff rates on the exports of the most carbon-intensive developing nations.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABATEMENTACIDACID RAINADJUSTMENT POLICIESAVERAGE TAX RATESBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBILATERAL TRADECALCULATIONCAPSCARBONCARBON BALANCECARBON CONTENTCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONSCARBON EMISSIONCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FLOWSCARBON INTENSITYCARBON INVENTORIESCARBON LEAKAGECARBON PRICECARBON REDUCTIONSCARBON TAXCARBON TAXESCARBONIZATIONCHEMICALSCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONSCLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEMCLIMATE POLICYCOCO2COALCOST OF ABATEMENTCRUDE OILDAMAGESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDOMESTIC CARBONDOMESTIC EMISSIONSDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONDOMESTIC SOURCESECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC ADJUSTMENTECONOMIC EFFECTSECONOMIC IMPACTSECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC SECTORSECONOMICSELASTICITIESELECTRICITYEMISSION INTENSITIESEMISSION INTENSITYEMISSION TRADINGEMISSIONS DATAEMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTUREEMISSIONS FROM PRODUCTIONEMISSIONS INVENTORIESEMISSIONS LEAKAGEEMISSIONS REDUCTIONENERGY GOODSENERGY POLICYENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL LAWEQUILIBRIUMEQUITY CONSIDERATIONSEXCHANGE RATEEXCHANGE RATESEXPORTSFERROUS METALSFINANCIAL ASSISTANCEFINANCIAL TRANSFERSFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL CONSUMPTIONGDPGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL EMISSIONSGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS NATIONAL INCOMEINCENTIVE EFFECTSINDUSTRIALIZATIONINTERMEDIATE GOODSINTERNATIONAL TRADELAND-USE CHANGELOWER PRICES10.1596/1813-9450-5194