Hoekman, Bernard2012-06-262012-06-262006-10https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9004Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOABSENCE OF COMPETITIONABSOLUTE VALUEADVERSE EFFECTSAGREEMENT ON TRADEAGRICULTUREAIRAIR TRANSPORTALTERNATIVE MODESASYMMETRIC INFORMATIONBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBARRIERS TO ENTRYBILATERAL TARIFFBILATERAL TRADEBUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCINGBUSINESS SERVICESCARRIERSCARTELCHARACTERISTICS OF SERVICESCOMMERCIAL PRESENCECOMMERCIAL SERVICESCOMMUNICATION COSTSCOMMUNICATION SERVICESCOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIESCOMPARATIVE ADVANTAGECOMPETITION FRAMEWORKCOMPETITION LAWCOMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENTCOMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS OF FIRMSCONGESTIONCONSUMER PROTECTIONCONSUMERSCONSUMPTION ABROADCROSS BORDER TRADECROSS-BORDER SUPPLYCROSS-BORDER TRADECROSSINGCUSTOMS CLEARANCEDEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCEDISTRIBUTION SERVICESDOMESTIC COMPETITIONDOMESTIC CONSUMERSDOMESTIC FIRMSDOMESTIC PROVIDERSDOMESTIC REGULATIONSEFFECTIVE MARKET ACCESSELASTICITIES OF DEMANDEXPORT MARKETEXPORT PERFORMANCEEXPORTERSEXPORTSFACTORS OF PRODUCTIONFATSFINAL GOODSFIXED COSTSFOREIGN AFFILIATESFOREIGN AFFILIATES TRADE IN SERVICESFOREIGN COMPETITORSFOREIGN ENTRYFOREIGN EXCHANGEFOREIGN FIRMFOREIGN FIRMSFOREIGN MARKETFOREIGN MARKETSFOREIGN PROVIDERSFREE TRADEGATSGDPGLOBAL TRADEGLOBAL WELFAREGOVERNMENT REGULATIONGRAVITY MODELIMPERFECT COMPETITIONIMPORT TARIFFSIMPORTANCE OF SERVICESIMPORTING COUNTRYINCOME ELASTICITIESINCREASING RETURNSINCREASING RETURNS TO SCALEINDUSTRY TRADEINPUT-OUTPUT TABLESINTERMEDIATE INPUTSINTERNATIONAL TRADEINTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICESINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONSLIBERALIZATIONLIBERALIZATION OF TRADELIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN GOODSLIBERALIZING TRADELONG-DISTANCEMARKET ACCESSMARKET FAILUREMARKET SHAREMARKET SIZEMARKET STRUCTUREMFNMODES OF SUPPLYMONOPOLYMOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONSMULTILATERAL RULESNASH EQUILIBRIUMNATIONAL INCOMENATIONAL TREATMENTNATIONAL WELFARENETWORK EXTERNALITIESOPEN ECONOMIESOUTSOURCINGPATTERN OF TRADEPATTERNS OF TRADEPER CAPITA INCOMESPERFECT COMPETITIONPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOSITIVE EXTERNALITIESPRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONPRUDENTIAL SUPERVISIONRATES OF PROTECTIONREGIONAL INTEGRATIONREGIONAL INTEGRATION AGREEMENTSREGIONAL TRADEREGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTSREGULATORY REGIMESSERVICE ACTIVITIESSERVICE SECTORSERVICE SECTORSSERVICE SUPPLIERSSERVICE TRANSACTIONSSERVICESSERVICES ACTIVITIESSERVICES CONTEXTSERVICES INDUSTRIESSERVICES INDUSTRYSERVICES INPUTSSERVICES LIBERALIZATIONSERVICES SECTORSERVICES TRADESERVICES TRANSACTIONSSPECIALIZATIONTARIFF DATATARIFF PREFERENCESTARIFF REDUCTIONTARIFF REDUCTIONSTARIFF REVENUETAXTELECOM SERVICESTELECOMMUNICATIONSTELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKSTELECOMSTERMS OF TRADETERMS OF TRADE EFFECTSTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTRADE BARRIERSTRADE COSTSTRADE FACILITATIONTRADE FLOWSTRADE IN SERVICESTRADE PATTERNSTRADE POLICIESTRADE POLICYTRADE SERVICESTRADE THEORYTRADE VOLUMESTRANSACTIONS COSTSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT SERVICESTRANSPORTATIONTRUEURUGUAY ROUNDVALUE OF IMPORTSVARIABLE COSTSWAGESWELFARE GAINSWELFARE IMPACTSWORLD TRADEWTOWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4030