Quigley, John M.2017-08-282017-08-282008https://hdl.handle.net/10986/28042This paper reviews the linkages between urbanization and economic development. It articulates the relationship between urban density and potential increases in productivity, through specialization, complementarities in production, through the diffusion of knowledge and mimicry, and simply through size and scale. The factors limiting the efficient sizes of cities are analyzed. The paper reviews empirical knowledge, from underdeveloped countries as well as high-income industrial societies, about the importance and magnitudes of these productivity gains. The analysis documents the close link between gains in economic efficiency and the urbanization of populations in most parts of the world.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO CAPITALADJUSTMENT POLICIESAGGLOMERATION BENEFITSAGGLOMERATION ECONOMIESAGRICULTURAL OUTPUTAGRICULTUREAIRAIR POLLUTIONAVERAGE COSTSBANKRUPTCYBUSINESS ENVIRONMENTCAPITAL MARKETSCENTRALIZATIONCITY POPULATIONCITY SIZECLIMATE CHANGECONGESTIONCONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALECONSUMER PREFERENCESCONSUMERSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICIESDISCRIMINATIONDISEASESDISTRIBUTION OF POPULATIONSDIVISION OF LABORECONOMIC CONDITIONSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC GEOGRAPHYECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC LIFEECONOMIC POLICIESECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITYECONOMIC RESEARCHECONOMIC THEORYECONOMICSECONOMIES OF SCALEEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTELASTICITYEMPLOYMENT GROWTHENDOGENOUS VARIABLESENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSEPIDEMICEXTERNALITIESFINANCIAL SECTORFISCAL POLICIESFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTGDPGLOBAL AGENDAGOVERNMENT POLICIESGREENHOUSE GASESGROWTH RATEGROWTH RATE OF POPULATIONHEALTH PROBLEMSHUMAN CAPITALINCOMEINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTINDUSTRIAL ECONOMIESINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL STRUCTUREINDUSTRIALIZATIONINFANTINFANT MORTALITYINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTINNOVATIONINSURANCEINVENTORYLABOR ECONOMICSLABOR FORCELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR MOBILITYLABOR SUPPLYLARGE CITIESLEGAL STATUSLESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIESLIVING CONDITIONSLOW-INCOME COUNTRIESMARGINAL COSTSMARGINAL PRODUCTMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMIGRATION FLOWMINIMUM WAGENATIONAL ECONOMIESNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL POPULATIONNATURAL RESOURCESNEGATIVE EXTERNALITIESOUTPUTSPATENTSPOINT OF DEPARTUREPOLICY IMPLICATIONSPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLITICAL RIGHTSPRACTITIONERSPRICE DISTORTIONSPRODUCTION FUNCTIONSPROGRESSPROPERTY TAXESPUBLIC HEALTHQUALITY OF LIFEREAL WAGESREGIONAL PRODUCTIVITYRENTSRESOURCE ALLOCATIONRESPECTROUTEROUTESRURAL AREASRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL PRODUCTIVITYRURAL WORKERSSANITATIONSEARCH COSTSSERVICE SECTORSKILLED WORKERSSLUM DWELLERSSOCIOLOGISTSSOLID WASTESPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONSTATE OF WORLD POPULATIONSTATISTICAL ANALYSISSUPPLIERSTAXATIONTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITYTOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTHTRADE POLICIESTRAFFICTRAFFIC FATALITIESTRANSACTIONS COSTSTRANSPORTTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORTATIONTRUETUBERCULOSISUNEMPLOYMENTUNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUNDURBAN AGGLOMERATIONURBAN AREASURBAN BIASURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN ECONOMICSURBAN EMPLOYMENTURBAN ENVIRONMENTURBAN ENVIRONMENTSURBAN GROWTHURBAN LIFEURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POLICYURBAN POPULATIONSURBAN POVERTYURBAN SECTORURBAN SLUMSURBAN WORKERSURBANIZATIONURBANIZATION PROCESSVALUE ADDEDVEHICLEVEHICLE ACCIDENTSVEHICLESWAGESWASTE WATERWATER SUPPLIESWORKER PRODUCTIVITYWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWORLD POPULATIONWORLD POPULATION POLICIESWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/28042