World Bank2013-10-022013-10-022013-06-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/16027This report provides estimates of social and financial costs of environmental damage in India from three pollution damage categories: (i) urban air pollution, including particulate matter and lead; (ii) inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and hygiene; (iii) indoor air pollution; and four natural resource damage categories: (a) agricultural damage from soil salinity, water logging, and soil erosion; (b) rangeland degradation; (c) deforestation; and (d) natural disasters. The estimates are based on a combination of Indian data from secondary sources and on the transfer of unit costs of pollution from a range of national and international studies. The quantification and monetary valuation of environmental damage involves many scientific disciplines including environmental, physical, and biological and health sciences, epidemiology, and environmental economics. Estimates of the costs of degradation are generally reported as a percent of conventional gross domestic product (GDP). This provides a useful estimate of the importance of environmental damages but it should not be interpreted that GDP will increase by a given percent if the degradation were to be reduced to zero. Any measures to reduce environmental degradation will have a cost and the additional cost goes up the greater is the reduction that is made. Hence a program to remove all degradation can well result in a lower GDP. This report provides a measure of the overall damage relative to a benchmark, in which all damages related to economic activity are eliminated. The report is structured as follows: section one provides a summary of estimated social and financial costs of environmental damage; section two focuses on urban air pollution; section three deals with water supply, sanitation, and hygiene; section four focuses on indoor air pollution; section five focuses on land degradation, crop production, and rangeland degradation; and section six deals with forest degradation.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADOLESCENTSADULT MORTALITYAGE DISTRIBUTIONAGEDAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAIR POLLUTANTAIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY MONITORINGBENEFIT ANALYSISBIG CITIESBIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATIONBULLETINCANCERCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARDIOVASCULAR DISEASECAREGIVERSCAUSES OF DEATHCHILD MORTALITYCHILD MORTALITY RATECHILDHOOD DISEASESCHRONIC BRONCHITISCHRONIC DISEASECLIMATE CHANGECLINICSCOALCOASTAL ZONESCOMBUSTIONCOMPENSATING WAGE DIFFERENTIALSCONSUMER SURPLUSCONTINGENT VALUATIONCOST OF POLLUTIONCRITICAL CARE MEDICINECROP LANDCROP LANDSDEATHS AMONG CHILDRENDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT POLICYDISABILITYDISASTERSDISEASESDRINKING WATEREARLY CHILDHOODECOLOGICAL ECONOMICSECOLOGYECONOMETRICSECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC IMPLICATIONSECONOMICSECONOMISTSECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM SERVICESEFFECTS OF POLLUTIONELECTRICITY GENERATIONEMISSIONSENDPOINTSENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL BURDENSENVIRONMENTAL COSTSENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGEENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGESENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICSENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MEDIAENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCEENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCESENVIRONMENTAL RISKEPIDEMIOLOGYEXPENDITURESEXPLOITATIONFAMILY HEALTHFAMILY MEMBERSFINE PARTICULATESFISHERIESFOREST COVERFOREST RESOURCESFORESTRYGASOLINEGREEN ACCOUNTINGGREEN REVOLUTIONGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGROWTH IN POPULATIONHEALTH BURDENHEALTH CAREHEALTH CONSEQUENCESHEALTH DAMAGEHEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH FACILITIESHEALTH IMPACTHEALTH POLICYHEALTH RESEARCHHEALTH RISKSHOSPITALHOSPITAL ADMISSIONSHOSPITAL WASTEHOSPITALIZATIONHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN HEALTHHYGIENEILL HEALTHILLNESSILLNESSESINDOOR AIRINDOOR AIR POLLUTIONINFANTINFORMATION SYSTEMINHIBITIONJOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGYJOURNAL OF MEDICINELABOUR MARKETLAND DEGRADATIONLAND USELOGGINGLOSS OF BIODIVERSITYMEDICAL TREATMENTMEDICINESMORBIDITYMORTALITYMORTALITY RATEMORTALITY REDUCTIONSMUNICIPAL WASTENATIONAL ACCOUNTINGNATIONAL LEVELNATURAL DISASTERNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL ENVIRONMENTNATURAL RESOURCENATURAL RESOURCESNEEDS ASSESSMENTNEGATIVE IMPACTNON-USE VALUESNUMBER OF PEOPLEOBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASEORAL REHYDRATION THERAPYOUTDOOR AIR POLLUTIONOVERGRAZINGOZONEPARTICULATE AIR POLLUTIONPARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE POLLUTIONPASTURESPATIENTSPEDIATRICSPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTPOLICY ANALYSISPOLICY BRIEFPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLLUTANTSPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONCENTRATIONPOLLUTION CONTROLPOLLUTION CONTROL BOARDPOLLUTION DAMAGEPOLLUTION LEVELSPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOPULATION FUNDPOPULATION GROUPSPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH RATESPOPULATION PROJECTIONSPOWER PLANTSPREMATURE DEATHSPREMATURE MORTALITYPRESENT VALUEPRIVATE DOCTORSPROVISION OF CAREPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC HEALTH AUTHORITIESPURCHASING POWERPURCHASING POWER PARITYRANGELANDSRECREATIONRESPIRATORY DISORDERSRESPIRATORY ILLNESSRISK ASSESSMENTRISK FACTORSRURAL DEVELOPMENTRURAL POPULATIONRURAL WOMENSANITATIONSOCIAL COSTSSOIL DEGRADATIONSOIL EROSIONSULFATESSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETIMBERTOLERANCETOXICOLOGYURBAN AIR POLLUTIONURBAN AREASURBAN POPULATIONURBAN POPULATIONSUSE VALUEVULNERABILITYWASTEWASTE DISPOSALWASTE MANAGEMENTWATER POLLUTIONWATER SUPPLYWELFARE ECONOMICSWETLANDSWILLINGNESS TO PAYWORKERSWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONWTPYOUNG CHILDRENWorld Bank10.1596/16027