Ferreira, Francisco H.G.Robalino, David2012-03-192012-03-192010-05-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3792Social protection systems in Latin America have been transformed in the past two decades. Until the 1980s, those who were not covered by the social security arrangements available primarily in the urban formal sector received little public assistance beyond universal subsidies for some food or fuel purchases. Since the 1990s, the introduction of non-contributory social insurance programs (including "social pensions") and conditional cash transfers has substantially extended the coverage and improved the incidence of social assistance. However, the organic growth of subsidized social assistance in parallel to the older social insurance system, financed largely out of taxes on formal sector employment, has led to a dual system that is neither properly equitable nor efficient. The twin challenges that now face social protection in Latin America are to better integrate those two halves of the system, and to develop programs that promote sustainable self-reliance, by moving from "safety nets" to "opportunity ropes."CC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE POVERTYACCESS TO SERVICESADMINISTRATIVE COSTSAGEDBANK POLICYBENEFICIARIESBENEFICIARYCASH TRANSFERCASH TRANSFERSCENTRAL GOVERNMENTCHILD ALLOWANCESCHILD LABORCLINICSCOLLECTIVE ACTIONCOMMODITY SUBSIDIESCOMPENSATIONCONSUMPTION EXPENDITURESCONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCONTINGENT LIABILITIESCONTRIBUTORY PROGRAMSCONTRIBUTORY SYSTEMSCOUNTERFACTUALCOVERAGEDEBTDEBT CRISISDECENTRALIZATIONDECISIONMAKINGDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT BANKDISABILITY PENSIONDISABILITY PENSIONSDURABLEECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC SHOCKSEDUCATION PROGRAMSEMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEMEEXCHANGE RATESEXPENDITUREEXTREME POVERTYFARMERSFEEDING PROGRAMSFINANCIAL CRISISFOOD FOR EDUCATIONFOOD POLICYFOOD PROGRAMSFOOD STAMPSFOOD SUBSIDIESGLOBAL POVERTYHEALTH CAREHEALTH INSURANCEHEALTH OUTCOMESHEALTH SERVICESHOUSEHOLD SURVEYSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHYGIENEIMPLICIT TAXESINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME GAINSINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME REDISTRIBUTIONINCOME STREAMINCOME STREAMSINCOME SUPPORTINCOME TRANSFERSINCOME VOLATILITYINEQUALITYINFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTSINSURANCEINSURANCE BENEFITSINSURANCE MARKETINSURANCE MARKETSINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERNATIONAL COMPARISONSINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTINTERVENTIONINVESTINGINVESTMENT DECISIONSINVESTMENT FUNDINVESTMENT FUNDSINVESTMENT PROJECTSLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKET PROGRAMSLABOR MARKETSLAWSLEVYLOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL INFRASTRUCTUREMACROECONOMIC CRISESMARKET DISTORTIONMARKET FAILURESMORAL HAZARDMORBIDITYMORTALITYNATIONAL POVERTYNEGATIVE SHOCKNEGATIVE SHOCKSNUTRITIONNUTRITION OUTCOMESOLD­AGEPENSIONPENSION SYSTEMSPENSIONSPOLICY AGAINST POVERTYPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOORPOOR AREASPOOR CHILDRENPOOR COMMUNITIESPOOR FAMILIESPOOR HOUSEHOLDSPOOR PEOPLEPOOR RURAL AREASPORTFOLIOPOSTNATAL CAREPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPOVERTY DYNAMICSPOVERTY FOCUSPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY LEVELSPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY REDUCTIONPOVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIESPRIMARY SCHOOLSPSYCHOLOGYPUBLIC HEALTHPUBLIC UNEMPLOYMENTPUBLIC WORKSPURCHASING POWERRETURNRETURNSRURALRURAL AREASRURAL ROADRURAL WORKERSSAFETY NETSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSAVINGS ACCOUNTSSCHOOL FEEDINGSCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMSSIBLINGSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMSSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL FUNDSSOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMSSOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEMSOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEMSSOCIAL POLICYSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SPENDINGSOCIAL STUDIESSOCIAL SUPPORTSTRUCTURAL REFORMSSUSTAINABILITYTARGETINGTAXTAX SYSTEMTAXATIONTRANSFER PROGRAMSTRANSFERS IN KINDUNEMPLOYMENTUNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITSUNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCEUNIVERSAL SUBSIDIESVACCINATIONVICTIMSWARWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5305