World Bank2012-12-052012-12-052012-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/11899The Government of Georgia is considering options for reducing fossil fuel imports in favor of introducing large scale use of domestic energy sources for public and private transportation. However, this must be considered within the overall context of green transportation-which will generate benefits well beyond the substitution of fossil fuels with domestic energy sources. The concept of green transportation has emerged in response to growing concerns about climate change; typically this refers to a transportation system characterized by low carbon emissions, i.e., Green House Gasses (GHG). In the context of Georgia, two other important development issues in green transportation in addition to GHG emissions are fossil fuel consumption and air pollution. For the purpose of this study, therefore, green transportation in Georgia refers to reducing the intensity of fossil fuel use and increasing reliance on indigenous energy sources (mainly hydropower), as well as minimizing adverse impacts on the global and local environment through reduced emissions of GHG and local pollutants. Greening transportation will create 'co-benefits': reducing fossil fuel use will help improve the balance of trade and energy security; and employing measures to avoid unnecessary trips and using fewer vehicles for the same number of trips (i.e., public transportation) would reduce traffic congestion on the road network, particularly in urban areas. By greening transportation, Georgia could reduce the total import bill for petroleum products, thereby improving the balance of trade and energy security.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOAGGLOMERATION ECONOMIESAIRAIR POLLUTIONALTERNATIVE FUELSALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTALTERNATIVE TRANSPORT MODESAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILE INSURANCEAUTOMOBILESBORDER CROSSINGBUS SERVICESBUSESCAPITAL INVESTMENTCAPITAL INVESTMENTSCARCAR OWNERSCAR OWNERSHIPCAR USECARBON DIOXIDECARBON EMISSIONSCARBON MONOXIDECARBON TAXCARSCHOICE OF TRANSPORTCITY TRANSPORTCLEANER FUELSCLIMATE CHANGECOMMERCIAL VEHICLESCONGESTIONCONGESTION CHARGESCOST OF TRANSPORTATIONDEMAND FOR TRANSPORTDIESELDIESEL FUELDIESEL VEHICLESDOMESTIC AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRYDRIVER LICENSINGDRIVERSEFFICIENT TRANSPORTELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIESELECTRIC VEHICLESEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION STANDARDSEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM ROADEMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORTEMISSIONS REDUCTIONSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIESENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYEXCISE TAXEXHAUST EMISSIONSEXTERNALITIESFARESFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFLEETSFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSFREIGHTFREIGHT TRANSPORTFUELFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL COSTFUEL COST SAVINGSFUEL ECONOMYFUEL EFFICIENCYFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICESFUEL QUALITYFUEL STANDARDSFUEL TAXFUEL TAX REVENUESFUEL TAXESFUEL TYPEFUEL USEFUEL-EFFICIENCYFUEL-EFFICIENT VEHICLESGASOLINEGASOLINE PRICESGASOLINE VEHICLESGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GASESHIGHWAYSIMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTINSPECTIONINTERCITY BUSINTERCITY PASSENGERINTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTINTERNATIONAL TRANSITINTERNATIONAL TRANSPORTLAND TRANSPORTLENGTH OF ROADLIGHT RAILLIQUID CARGOLOCAL AIR POLLUTANTSLOCAL AIR POLLUTIONLONG-DISTANCELONG-TERM ELASTICITYMETHANEMILEAGEMODAL CHOICESMODAL SHAREMODAL SHIFTMODAL TRANSPORT SYSTEMMODE OF TRANSPORTMODES OF TRANSPORTMOTOR FUELMOTOR FUELSMOTOR VEHICLEMOTOR VEHICLESMOTORWAYSPASSENGER TRANSPORTPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPOLICEPOLLUTANT EMISSIONSPOLLUTION REDUCTIONPOPULATION DENSITYPOPULATION GROWTHPRICE CHANGESPRIVATE VEHICLEPRIVATE VEHICLESPUBLIC TRANSPORTPUBLIC TRANSPORT MODEPUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICESPUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMPUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONQUALITY OF TRANSPORTQUALITY OF TRANSPORT SERVICESRAILRAIL TRANSITRAIL TRANSPORTRAILWAYRAILWAY NETWORKRAILWAYSRAPID TRANSITREGISTRATION FEESROADROAD CAPACITYROAD NETWORKROAD SAFETYROAD TOLLSROAD TRAFFICROAD TRANSPORTROAD USERROAD USER CHARGESROAD USERSROADSROUTEROUTESSAFETYSTREET PARKINGSTREET PARKING CHARGESTAXTAX EXEMPTIONSTAXISTIRESTRAFFICTRAFFIC CASUALTIESTRAFFIC CONGESTIONTRANSIT CORRIDORTRANSPORTTRANSPORT CHOICESTRANSPORT CORRIDORSTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT DATATRANSPORT DEMANDTRANSPORT EMISSIONSTRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURETRANSPORT MARKETTRANSPORT MODESTRANSPORT NETWORKTRANSPORT POLICIESTRANSPORT POLICYTRANSPORT POLICY FRAMEWORKTRANSPORT POLICY INSTITUTETRANSPORT SECTORTRANSPORT SERVICETRANSPORT SERVICE PROVIDERSTRANSPORT STRATEGYTRANSPORT USERSTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION COSTTRANSPORTATION COSTSTRANSPORTATION PLANNINGTRANSPORTATION POLICYTRANSPORTATION SERVICESTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSTRAVEL PATTERNSTRAVEL TIMESTRIPSTRUCKSTRUEURBAN TRANSPORTURBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMURBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMSURBAN TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLEVEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONVEHICLE EMISSIONVEHICLE EMISSIONSVEHICLE FLEETVEHICLE MANUFACTURERSVEHICLE OPERATIONVEHICLE OWNERSVEHICLE OWNERSHIPVEHICLE PRODUCTIONVEHICLE REGISTRATIONVEHICLE REPLACEMENTVEHICLE TAXESVEHICLE TRAVELVEHICLE TRAVEL ELASTICITYVEHICLE USAGEVEHICLE USEVEHICLE-KILOMETERSVEHICLESWorld Bank10.1596/11899