World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192009-12-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/3171Energy security is a key concern in Albania, which relies on hydropower for about 90 percent of its electricity production. While renewable energy resources like hydropower play a fundamental role in moving the world towards a low-carbon economy, they are also vulnerable to climatic conditions. Climate variability already affects Albania's energy production to a considerable extent, and climate change is bringing further challenges. This report summarizes work conducted in partnership with stakeholders in Albania's energy sector and other closely related sectors. It aimed to build greater understanding of the climate risks faced by the energy sector and of priority actions that could be taken to reduce vulnerabilities. The remainder of this report is set out as follows: section two describes the context for this assessment, covering the Albanian energy sector, observed and projected climatic conditions and Albania's adaptive capacity. Section three outlines the climatic vulnerabilities, risks, and opportunities facing Albania's energy sector. Section four describes the key adaptation options identified for managing climate risks to the energy sector. Section five provides the cost-benefit analysis of physical adaptation options. Section six sets out next steps for improving the climate resilience of Albania's energy sector. Finally, section seven includes references and lists of annexes and appendices.CC BY 3.0 IGOACTIVITIESAIRAIR TEMPERATURESALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGYALTITUDEANNUAL PRECIPITATIONAPPROACHATMOSPHEREAVAILABILITYBALANCEBENEFITSBIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSBIOMASSCARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONSCARBON ECONOMYCARBON FINANCECH4CHANGES IN CLIMATECLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTSCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOSCLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITYCLIMATE CHANGESCLIMATE EXTREMESCLIMATE RESILIENCECLIMATE SYSTEMCLIMATE VARIABILITYCLIMATESCLIMATIC CHANGESCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCLOUDINESSCOCO2COALCOAL INDUSTRYCOAL PRODUCTIONCOLORSCOMBUSTIONCONSUMER DEMANDCOST BENEFIT ANALYSISCOST­BENEFIT ANALYSISDEMAND FOR ENERGYDEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENTDIESELDISCOUNT RATEDISCOUNT RATESDISTRIBUTION GRIDDISTRIBUTION SYSTEMDOMESTIC ENERGYDOMESTIC PRODUCTIONDOWNSTREAM COMMUNITIESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC GROWTHECOSYSTEMELECTRICAL POWERELECTRICAL POWER SECTORELECTRICITYELECTRICITY DEMANDELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTIONELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY MARKETSELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY SYSTEMEMISSIONSEMISSIONS SCENARIOENERGYENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY GENERATIONENERGY INFRASTRUCTUREENERGY MARKETENERGY MARKETSENERGY POLICYENERGY PRICESENERGY PRODUCTION FACILITIESENERGY SECURITYENERGY SOURCESENERGY STRATEGYENERGY SUBSIDIESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY SYSTEMENERGY SYSTEMSENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTETEXTREME CLIMATIC EVENTSEXTREME EVENTSEXTREME PRECIPITATIONEXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTSFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL PERFORMANCEFLOODSFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTIONFOSSIL FUELSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFUEL SUPPLYGASGAS PRODUCTIONGAS TURBINEGCMGENERAL CIRCULATION MODELGHGGHGSGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGREEN PRODUCTIONGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SCENARIOSGREENHOUSE GASESGRID SYSTEMSHEAVY FUEL OILHIGH ENERGY INTENSITYHYDROLOGYHYDROPOWERHYDROPOWER PLANTIMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGEIMPORT PRICESIMPORTSIMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCYINCENTIVESINCOMEINSURANCEINSURANCE INSTRUMENTSINVESTMENTINVESTMENTSIPCCLAKESLEADLESSLIQUEFIED NATURAL GASLNGLNG TERMINALLOAD SHEDDINGLOW-CARBONMETEOROLOGICAL SATELLITESMETEOROLOGICAL STATIONSMETHANEMODELSN2ONATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCESNITROUS OXIDENONUCLEAR POWEROILOIL PRODUCTIONOIL REFINERIESOIL REFINERYOPTIONSPETROLEUMPIPELINEPOLICIESPORTFOLIOPOWERPOWER DISTRIBUTIONPOWER GENERATIONPOWER PLANTPOWER PRODUCERSPOWER PRODUCTIONPOWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTSPOWER SECTORPOWER SUPPLYPRECIPITATIONPRESENT VALUEPRICEPRICESRAINFALLRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATIONRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCESRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESRESERVOIRSRESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGERESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGERISK MANAGEMENTSEA LEVELSSECURITY OF ENERGY SUPPLYSENSITIVITY ANALYSESSMALL HYDROPOWERSO2SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTIONSOLAR POWERSOLAR POWER PLANTSSOLAR WATER HEATINGSPACE COOLINGSPACE HEATINGSULPHURSULPHUR DIOXIDESUMMER PEAKSUMMER PEAK DEMANDSURFACE TEMPERATURESUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE ENERGYSUSTAINABLE USETARIFFTERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSTHERMAL POWERTHERMAL POWER PLANTTHERMAL POWER PLANTSTOTAL DEMANDTRANSMISSION CAPACITYTRANSMISSION CONSTRAINTSTRANSMISSION GRIDTRANSMISSION INTERCONNECTIONTRANSMISSION LINESTRANSMISSION SYSTEMUNCERTAINTIESUNEPWATERWATER QUALITYWEATHER PATTERNSWINDWIND FARMSWIND POWERWIND POWER GENERATIONWIND PROJECTSWIND SPEEDSWMOWorld Bank10.1596/3171