Cai, FangGiles, JohnO'Keefe, PhilipWang, Dewen2012-03-192012-03-192012-03-13978-0-8213-8685-9https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2249Although average incomes in China have risen dramatically since the 1980s, concerns are increasing that the rural elderly have not benefited from growth to the same extent as younger people and the urban elderly. Concerns about welfare of the rural elderly combine spatial and demographic issues. Large gaps exist between conditions in coastal and interior regions and between conditions in urban and rural areas of the country. In addition to differences in income by geography, considerable differences exist across demographic groups in the level of coverage by safety nets, in the benefits received through the social welfare system, and in the risks of falling into poverty. This book aims to do two things: first, it provides detailed empirical analysis of the welfare and living conditions of the rural elderly since the early 1990s in the context of large-scale rural-to-urban migration, and second, it explores the evolution of the rural pension system in China over the past two decades and raises a number of issues on its current implementation and future directions. Although the two sections of the book are distinct in analytical terms, they are closely linked in policy terms: the first section demonstrates in several ways a rationale for greater public intervention in the welfare of the rural elderly, and the second documents the response of policy to date and options to consider for deepening the coverage and effects of the rural pension system over the longer term.CC BY 3.0 IGOABSOLUTE TERMSACCESS TO GOVERNMENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONAGING POPULATIONSBASIC BENEFITBASIC NEEDSBASIC PENSIONBENEFIT LEVELBENEFIT LEVELSCENTER FOR POPULATIONCHANGES IN FERTILITYCHRONIC POVERTYCHRONICALLY POORCONSUMPTION POVERTYCONSUMPTION SMOOTHINGCONTRIBUTION RECORDSCORESIDENCECULTURAL CHANGEDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGEDEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONSDEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITIONDEMOGRAPHIC TRENDSDEPENDENCY RATIODEPENDENCY RATIOSDETERMINANT OF POVERTYDETERMINANTS OF POVERTYDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDISSEMINATIONECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC TRANSITIONELDERLYELDERLY HOUSEHOLDSELDERLY MENELDERLY PEOPLEELDERLY PERSONSELDERLY POPULATIONELDERLY WOMENEMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESEMPLOYMENT STATUSFAMILY INCOMEFAMILY MEMBERSFAMILY PLANNINGFAMILY PLANNING COMMISSIONFAMILY SIZEFAMILY SUPPORTFARM LABORFERTILITYFERTILITY POLICIESFERTILITY RATEFERTILITY RATESFUNDED PENSIONSFUTURE GENERATIONSGLOBAL POPULATIONGOVERNMENT PENSIONSGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTGUARANTEED RATEHEALTH CAREHEALTH INSURANCEHIGHER INCIDENCE OF POVERTYHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD INCOMEHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLD POVERTYHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTILL HEALTHILLNESSINCIDENCE OF POVERTYINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME INEQUALITYINCOME POVERTYINCOME QUINTILEINCOME RISKINCOME SHOCKINCOME SUPPORTINDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTINDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTSINFLATION RATEINFORMAL SECTORINTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERSINTERNAL MIGRATIONLABOR FORCE PARTICIPATIONLABOR INCOMELABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLABOR SUPPLYLEGAL STATUSLIFE EXPECTANCYLIVING CONDITIONSLOCAL CAPACITYLOCAL DEVELOPMENTLOCAL ECONOMYLOW FERTILITYMALE LABOR FORCEMIGRANTMIGRANT FAMILYMIGRANT WORKERSMIGRANTSMIGRATIONMORTALITYNATIONAL FERTILITYNATIONAL LEVELNATIONAL PENSIONNATIONAL POLICYNUTRITIONOLD AGEOLD AGE SUPPORTOLD-AGEOLDER PEOPLEPENSIONPENSION BENEFITPENSION BENEFITSPENSION COVERAGEPENSION INCOMEPENSION INDICATORSPENSION POLICYPENSION POLICY REFORMPENSION PROGRAMSPENSION SCHEMEPENSION SCHEMESPENSION SYSTEMPENSION SYSTEMSPENSIONABLE AGEPENSIONSPERSISTENT POVERTYPOLICY MAKERSPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLICY RESPONSEPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOORPOOR AREASPOOR PEOPLEPOOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDSPOORER HOUSEHOLDSPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENTPOPULATION CENSUSPOPULATION CENTERPOPULATION GROWTHPOPULATION GROWTH RATEPOPULATION PROJECTIONSPOPULATION RESEARCHPOPULATION STATISTICSPOPULATION STRUCTUREPOPULATION TRENDSPOVERTY ASSESSMENTPOVERTY GAPPOVERTY HEADPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY INDEXPOVERTY LEVELPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY MEASURESPOVERTY POVERTYPOVERTY RATEPOVERTY RATESPOVERTY SEVERITYPOVERTY STATUSPRIVATE TRANSFERSPUBLIC POLICYPUBLIC SUPPORTREDUCTION IN POVERTYREMITTANCEREMITTANCESRESPECTRETIREMENTRETIREMENT AGESRETIREMENT DECISIONSRURALRURAL AREASRURAL ECONOMYRURAL HOUSEHOLDRURAL INCOMESRURAL MENRURAL MIGRANTSRURAL PEOPLERURAL POORRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POPULATION GROWTHRURAL POPULATIONSRURAL POVERTYRURAL RESIDENTSRURAL WORKERSSAFETY NETSSAVINGSSOCIAL AFFAIRSSOCIAL ASSISTANCESOCIAL INSURANCESOCIAL PENSIONSOCIAL PENSIONSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL PROTECTION MECHANISMSSOCIAL SCIENCESSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITSSOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMSOCIAL SERVICESSOCIAL SUPPORTSOCIAL WELFARESPATIAL DIFFERENCESSPILLOVERSPOUSESTATE UNIVERSITYSUPPORT FALLSTARGETINGUNITED NATIONS POPULATION DIVISIONURBAN AREASURBAN MIGRATIONURBAN POPULATIONURBANIZATIONVILLAGE LEADERSVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY TO POVERTYWORKING-AGE POPULATIONWORLD POPULATIONYOUNG ADULTYOUNG ADULTSYOUNG PEOPLEWorld Bank10.1596/978-0-8213-8685-9