Ravallion, MartinLokshin, Michael2013-06-252013-06-252004-08https://hdl.handle.net/10986/14167The authors use Morocco's national survey of living standards to measure the short-term welfare impacts of prior estimates of the price changes attributed to various trade policy reforms for cereals-the country's main food staple. They find small impacts on mean consumption and inequality in the aggregate. There are both gainers and losers and (contrary to past claims) the rural poor are worse off on average after trade policy reforms. The authors decompose the aggregate impact on inequality into a "vertical" component (between people at different pre-reform welfare levels) and a "horizontal" component (between people at the same pre-reform welfare level). There is a large horizontal component which dominates the vertical impact of full de-protection. The diverse impacts reflect a degree of observable heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with implications for social protection policies.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADVERSE IMPACTSAGGREGATE DEMANDAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTUREBENEFIT INCIDENCECONSUMERSCONSUMPTION AGGREGATECONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTIONCONSUMPTION PATTERNSCPICROSS-COUNTRY COMPARISONSCROSS-SECTIONAL DATACUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONCUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONDATA SETDEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITIONDEMOGRAPHICSDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ISSUESDEVELOPMENT RESEARCHDISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICSEMPIRICAL EXAMPLESEMPLOYMENTENVELOPE PROPERTYENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSEQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM ANALYSESGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSISHORIZONTAL EQUITYHOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICSHOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTIONHOUSEHOLD HEADHOUSEHOLD LEVELHOUSEHOLD SIZEHOUSEHOLD SURVEYHOUSEHOLD WELFAREIMPORTSINCOMEINCOME GROUPSINCOME SOURCESINCOMESINEQUALITYINEQUALITY MEASUREINEQUALITY MEASURESINPUT PRICESLABOR MARKETLIVING INDEXLIVING STANDARDSLIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENTLIVING STANDARDS MEASUREMENT STUDYLIVING STANDARDS SURVEYMARGINAL UTILITYMEAN CONSUMPTIONMEAN LOG DEVIATIONMEASUREMENT ERRORMEASURING WELFARENATIONAL POVERTYNEGLIGIBLE DIFFERENCEOFFICIAL POVERTYPOLICY CHANGEPOLICY REFORMPOLICY RESEARCHPOLICY RESPONSEPOSITIVE EFFECTSPOSITIVE IMPACTPOVERTY INCIDENCEPOVERTY LINEPOVERTY LINESPOVERTY MEASUREPOVERTY RATEPRICE CHANGESPRICE VECTORPRICES CHANGEPRODUCERSPRODUCTIVITYPROFIT FUNCTIONSPROPORTIONATE CHANGESPROTECTION POLICIESREAL WAGEREAL WAGE RATESREAL WAGESREGIONAL DIFFERENCESREGRESSION FUNCTIONRELATIVE IMPORTANCERELATIVE PRICERURAL AREASRURAL ECONOMYRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL POORRURAL POPULATIONRURAL POVERTYSAVINGSSOCIAL PROTECTIONSOCIAL WELFARESTATISTICS OFFICETAX REFORMTAXATIONTIME SERIESTRADE LIBERALIZATIONTRADE REFORMSURBAN AREAURBAN AREASURBAN CONSUMERSURBAN HOUSEHOLDSURBAN POVERTYURBAN SECTORUTILITY FUNCTIONWAGE RATESWAGESWATER RESOURCESWELFARE EFFECTSWELFARE LEVELSWELFARE MEASURE TRADE REFORMTRADE POLICIESFOOD STAPLESFOOD POLICIESCEREALSRURAL POVERTYCONSUMPTION ECONOMICSSOCIAL POLICIESWELFAREINEQUALITYWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-3368