World Bank2013-03-252013-03-252011-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/12884This study was commissioned to analyse the cost efficiency and economic viability of an ethanol programme, for reducing disease, and protecting the forests in Madagascar. This information is also expected to be of interest regionally and internationally, given that the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are nearly two million deaths per annum globally due to Household Air Pollution (HAP), representing 2.7 percent of the global burden of disease. Of these, nearly 400,000 deaths per annum due to HAP, are in sub-Saharan Africa. With only 20 percent of the world's population, Africa suffers a disproportionate share of around half of all deaths from pneumonia for children under five years, for which HAP is a major risk factor. This study investigates the potential of ethanol as a household fuel in Madagascar, focusing on three main components: health benefits, financial and economic assessment, and African lessons for scaling-up a program of support for ethanol as a household fuel.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACUTE EXPOSUREAGRICULTURAL WASTEAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONSAIR QUALITYALDEHYDESALTERNATIVE COOKING FUELSALTERNATIVE FUELSANHYDROUS ETHANOLAPPROACHAVAILABILITYBAGASSEBALANCEBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBETTER ENERGY ACCESSBIOFUELSBIOFUELS INDUSTRYBIOGASBIOMASSBIOMASS ENERGYBIOMASS FUELSBIOMASS STOVEBURNING FUELBUSINESS AS USUAL SCENARIOCANE INDUSTRYCANE PRODUCTIONCARBONCARBON EMISSIONSCARBON FINANCECARBON MONOXIDECARCINOGENSCHARCOALCHARCOAL PRODUCTIONCHEAPER FUELSCHOICE OF FUELCHRONIC RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMSCLEAN FUELCLEANER FUELSCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATIONCOCO2COMBUSTIONCONSERVATION AREASCONVERSION EFFICIENCIESCONVERSION EFFICIENCYCOOK STOVESCOOKINGCOST OF ETHANOLCOST OF ETHANOL PRODUCTIONCROPCROP WASTEDEFORESTATIONDEGRADED FORESTSDEMAND FOR ETHANOLDIFFUSIONDISTILLATIONDISTILLERIESDISTILLERYDOMESTIC ENERGYDOMESTIC SUPPLYDRY FORESTDRY FORESTSDRY WOODDUNGECOSYSTEMELECTRICITYEMPLOYMENTENERGY BALANCEENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY MARKETENERGY MIXENERGY SECTORENERGY SECURITYENERGY SUPPLYENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNSENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGEENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHEROSION CONTROLETHANOLETHANOL CASEETHANOL CONSUMPTIONETHANOL FUELETHANOL MARKETETHANOL MARKETSETHANOL PRICEETHANOL PRICESETHANOL PRODUCTIONETHANOL PROGRAMETHANOL SUPPLYETHANOL WITH GASOLINEEUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONSEXPOSURE OF CHILDRENFEEDSTOCKFEEDSTOCK COSTSFEEDSTOCK FOR ETHANOLFEEDSTOCK FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTIONFEEDSTOCK PRICESFEEDSTOCK SOURCEFEEDSTOCKSFERMENTATIONFIREWOODFORESTFOREST ACCESSFOREST AREAFOREST AREASFOREST COVERFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST PRODUCTIONFOREST PRODUCTSFOREST PROTECTIONFOREST RESOURCESFOREST SECTORSFORESTRYFORESTRY SECTORFORESTSFORMS OF ENERGYFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFUEL CONSUMPTIONFUEL ETHANOLFUEL MARKETFUEL MARKETSFUEL PRICEFUEL PRODUCTIONFUEL SUBSTITUTIONFUEL SUPPLYFUEL TYPEFUEL TYPESFUELSGASOLINE BLENDINGGELGENERATIONGLOBAL WARMINGGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHABITATSHIGH OIL PRICESHOUSEHOLD ENERGYHOUSEHOLD ENERGY USEHOUSEHOLD FUELHOUSEHOLD FUELSHOUSEHOLD SECTORHYDROCARBONSIMPURITIESINVESTMENT IN ETHANOL PRODUCTIONKEROSENELAND DEGRADATIONLAND OWNERSHIPLAND USELARGE SCALE ETHANOL PRODUCTIONLIGHTINGLIQUID PETROLEUM GASLOSS OF FORESTSMANUREMARKET FOR ETHANOLMODERN FUELSNATURAL FORESTSNATURAL GASNATURAL RESOURCESNITROGENNITROGEN OXIDESOILOIL PRICESPARTICLESPARTICULATEPARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATESPETROLEUMPOLLUTANTSPOLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONSPRICE OF ETHANOLPRICE OF FEEDSTOCKPRIMARY FUELPRODUCTION OF ETHANOLRAW MATERIALRAW SUGARRICE PADDIESRURAL AREASRURAL COMMUNITIESRURAL HOUSEHOLDSRURAL INCOMESSMOKESOLID FUELSOLID FUELSSORGHUMSPACE HEATINGSTREAMSUGARSUGAR CANESUGAR INDUSTRYSUGAR MILLSSUGARCANESUGARCANE MOLASSESSUGARCANE PRODUCTIONSULPHURSULPHUR OXIDESSUPPLY OF ETHANOLTOWNSTRADITIONAL BIOMASSTRANSPORT FUELTRANSPORT SECTORURBAN AREASURBAN HOUSEHOLDSVERTICAL AXISWASTE PRODUCTSWOODWOOD FUELWOOD PRODUCTSWOODY BIOMASSWorld Bank10.1596/12884