Oosterbeek, HesselPatrinos, Harry Anthony2012-05-292012-05-292008-03https://hdl.handle.net/10986/6495This paper describes and analyzes different financial schemes to promote lifelong learning. Considered are financial instruments to stimulate successful early learning, financial aid schemes and subsidization mechanisms. Theoretical analyses about funding of early learning have mainly focused on vouchers. Yet, the available empirical evidence is more ambiguous about the effects of vouchers than about the effects of conditional cash transfers and financial incentives for pupils and teachers. Positive effects of financial incentives to pupils are not restricted to high ability pupils, as low ability students also seem to benefit. The evidence regarding the effects of subsidy forms is limited. The most prominent knowledge gaps regarding the effects of various financing schemes related to lifelong learning are the effects of vouchers in compulsory education; financial aid schemes for students; and entitlements and individual learning accounts.CC BY 3.0 IGOACADEMIC PROGRESSACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATIONACCESS TO TRAININGACCESSIBILITYACCURATE INFORMATIONADMINISTRATIVE COSTSADMINISTRATIVE RECORDSADULT LEARNINGAGE-EARNINGSAGE-EARNINGS PROFILESALTERNATIVE FUNDINGBANKSBEHAVIORAL ECONOMICSBENEFITS OF INVESTMENTBIASESBORROWERCAPITAL ACCUMULATIONCAPITAL MARKETCAPITAL MARKETSCAREERCAREER CHOICECAREERSCASH PAYMENTCASH TRANSFERCASH TRANSFERSCLASSROOMCOLLATERALCOLLECTION AGENCYCOLLEGE COSTSCOLLEGESCOMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONSCOMPLETION RATESCOMPULSORY EDUCATIONCOMPULSORY SCHOOLINGCONSUMERSCONTINUING EDUCATIONCONTRIBUTIONCONTRIBUTIONSCOST OF LABORCOST SHARINGCOST-SHARINGCOSTS OF EDUCATIONCURRENT EXPENDITURESCURRENT INCOMEDEBT BURDENDEBT LOADSDEFAULTERSDEPOSITDEVELOPMENT BANKDISADVANTAGED GROUPSEARLY LEARNINGEARNINGSECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC GROWTHECONOMIC POLICYECONOMICS OF EDUCATIONEDUCATION FINANCEEDUCATION INVESTMENTSEDUCATION SYSTEMSEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTEDUCATIONAL OUTCOMESEDUCATIONAL SERVICESELEMENTARY EDUCATIONELITE UNIVERSITIESEMPLOYEEEMPLOYEREMPLOYERSEMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT OUTCOMESENROLLMENTENROLLMENT RATESENROLLMENTSENTREPRENEURSEQUAL ACCESSEQUAL OPPORTUNITIESEQUALITYEXPENDITURESFINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTSFINANCIAL CONSEQUENCESFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL MARKETSFINANCIAL REWARDSFIRST HOMEFIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTSFORMAL SCHOOLINGFURTHER EDUCATIONFUTURE EARNINGSFUTURE INCOMEGENDERGIRLSGLOBAL KNOWLEDGEGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONGRADUATE TAXGRADUATE TAXESHIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION FUNDINGHIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTSHUMAN CAPITALHUMAN DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCESINCENTIVE PROGRAMINCOMEINCOME CONTINGENT LOANSINCOME TAXINCOMESINDEBTEDNESSINDIVIDUAL RETIREMENTINDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNTSINSTALLMENTSINTEREST RATEINTERNATIONAL BANKINTERVENTIONSINVESTINGINVESTMENTS IN EDUCATIONJOB TRAININGKNOWLEDGE ECONOMYKNOWLEDGE GAPSLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLENDERLENDERSLEVEL OF EDUCATIONLIFELONG LEARNINGLIFETIMELITERATURELOANLOAN REPAYMENTLOCAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONSLOW COSTLOW INCOMELOW-INCOMELOW-INCOME FAMILIESMARGINAL TAX RATEMARGINAL TAX RATESMARKET SHAREMORAL HAZARDMORTGAGEMORTGAGE LOANSOLDER WORKERSPAPERSPAYROLL LEVIESPOST-SECONDARY EDUCATIONPOVERTY ALLEVIATIONPRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY SCHOOLPRIVATE FUNDINGPRIVATE TRAININGPROBABILITYPRODUCTIVITYPROSPERITYPROVISION OF INFORMATIONPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC SCHOOLSPUBLIC SUBSIDIESPUBLIC SUBSIDYPUBLIC TRAININGPURCHASING POWERRATE OF RETURNREPAYMENTREPAYMENT PERIODREPAYMENTSRESEARCH FINDINGSRESEARCHERSRETURNS TO EDUCATIONRISK OF DEFAULTSAVINGSSAVINGS ACCOUNTSAVINGS ACCOUNTSSCHOLARSHIPSCHOLARSHIPSSCHOOL ATTENDANCESCHOOL BUILDINGSCHOOL SAVINGSSCHOOLSSCIENTISTSECONDARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLSECONDARY SCHOOLSSMALL BUSINESSSMALL ENTERPRISESMALL ENTERPRISESSOCIAL COHESIONSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL SECURITYSOCIAL WELFARESOURCES OF FINANCESTUDENT ACHIEVEMENTSTUDENT AIDSTUDENT DEBTSTUDENT FINANCESTUDENT FINANCIAL AIDSTUDENT LOANSSTUDENT POPULATIONSUBSIDIZATIONTAKE-UP RATESTAX CODETAX DEDUCTIONTAX DEDUCTIONSTAX RATETAX REDUCTIONTAXABLE INCOMETEACHERTEACHERSTRAINING ACTIVITIESTRAINING COSTSTRAINING COURSESTRAINING PROGRAMTRAINING PROGRAMSTUITIONTUITION FEESTUITION POLICIESUNDERGRADUATESUNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED PEOPLEUNEMPLOYED PERSONSUNIVERSITY COLLEGEVALUATIONVOCATIONAL EDUCATIONVOCATIONAL TRAININGVOUCHERVOUCHER PROGRAMVOUCHERSWAGEWAGESWORKERSWORTHYOUNG CHILDRENYOUNGER WORKERSWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-4569