World Bank2012-03-192012-03-192010-06-30https://hdl.handle.net/10986/2991The Turkish Ministry of Justice has identified the existing system of expert witnesses as an obstacle to the efficiency and effectiveness of the judicial services. The 2009 judicial reform strategy and the judicial reform action plan call for a comparative study analyzing the experience in other countries to provide input into the policy debate in Turkey. This study provides descriptions and analyses of approaches to the use of expert opinions in civil, criminal, and administrative court proceedings in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. It focuses on five key areas: access to the function of expert, execution of an expert opinion, the opinion and its use in evidence, remuneration, and liability.CC BY 3.0 IGOABUSEACCOUNTABILITYACTIONSACTSADMINISTRATIVE COURTSADMINISTRATIVE LAWAFFIDAVITSALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTIONAPPELLATE COURTSARBITERSARBITRATORSAUTHORITYBANKRUPTCYBANKSBATTLEBATTLESBRIBECASE LAWCIVIL LAWCIVIL LAW SYSTEMSCIVIL LITIGATIONCIVIL PROCEDURECODESCOMMON LAWCOMPENSATIONCOMPLAINTSCONFLICTCONFLICT OF INTERESTCONFLICTSCONSTITUTIONSCONVENTIONCORRUPTIONCOUNSELCOURTCOURT HEARINGSCOURT PERFORMANCECOURT PROCEEDINGSCOURTSCOURTS OF APPEALSCRIMECRIMINALCRIMINAL CASESCRIMINAL COURTSCRIMINAL PROCEDURECROSS EXAMINATIONDAMAGESDEFENCEDEMOCRACIESDEPOSITIONSDISCOVERYDISCRETIONDISCRIMINATIONDISPUTE RESOLUTIONDISTRICT COURTSDUE PROCESSDUE PROCESS OF LAWEQUALITYETHICETHICSEUEUROPEAN COURTSEUROPEAN UNIONEVIDENCE LAWEXPERT WITNESSESFAIR TRIALFAMILIESFEDERAL STATUTESFINGERPRINTINGFRAUDSHUMAN RIGHTSINTEGRITYINTELLECTUAL PROPERTYINTERNATIONAL TREATIESINVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATIONSJUDGEJUDGESJUDICIAL AUTHORITIESJUDICIAL INDEPENDENCEJUDICIAL REFORMJUDICIAL SERVICEJUDICIAL SERVICESJUDICIAL SYSTEMJUDICIAL TRAININGJUDICIARYJURISDICTIONJURISPRUDENCEJUSTICELAW REFORMLAWSLAWS OF EVIDENCELAWYERSLEGAL ENTITIESLEGAL ENTITYLEGAL FRAMEWORKLEGAL MALPRACTICELEGAL REQUIREMENTSLEGAL SCHOLARSHIPLEGAL STANDARDSLEGAL STATUSLEGAL SYSTEMSLEGISLATIONLIABILITYLIE DETECTORSLITIGATIONMODALITIESMOTIONSNATIONAL LAWNATIONAL LAWSNEGLIGENCENEGOTIATIONNEGOTIATIONSOFFENSEPERJURYPLEA BARGAININGPLEADINGPLEADINGSPRECEDENTSPROSECUTIONPROSECUTIONSPROSECUTORRESIDENCEROBBERIESSANCTIONSANCTIONSSELF-DETERMINATIONSERVICE DELIVERYSTATE COURTSSTATE LAWSTATE LAWSSUBSTANTIVE LAWTERRITORIAL JURISDICTIONTESTIMONYTRANSPARENCYTRIALSUNIVERSITIESVIOLATIONSWILLWITNESSWorld Bank10.1596/2991