Kalkum, Bernd2014-09-102014-09-102014-05https://hdl.handle.net/10986/20044Within the Western Balkans region, a secure energy supply is critical to sustaining economic growth. Currently, the region relies heavily on imported hydrocarbons and maintains high energy intensity relative to Gross Domestic Product, or GDP. This places a huge burden on companies, which require affordable and reliable infrastructure services to be competitive; the public sector, which spends significant budgetary resources on energy; and households, which have to pay a high portion of their income for energy services. As energy pricing is further rationalized, a higher burden will be placed on all sectors, especially poorer households. The residential sector is a significant energy consumer. Its share of total final energy consumption ranges from 28 percent to 32 percent (compared with the EU average of 27 percent). Fairly simple renovations such as insulation, heating system upgrades, and improvements to windows and lighting could reduce consumption in this sector by some 9 percent, with payback periods generally less than 8 years. Such improvements could help ease the impact of future tariff increases while helping reduce the region's projected energy supply and demand gap.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO FINANCINGACCESS TO INFORMATIONADMINISTRATIVE BURDENAFFORDABILITYAFFORDABLE FINANCINGAGRICULTURAL SECTORAGRICULTURAL SECTORSAIRAIR POLLUTIONAIR QUALITYALLOWANCESANNUAL EMISSIONSAPPLIANCE STANDARDSAPPLICATION PROCEDURESAPPROACHAVAILABILITYBANK FINANCINGBANK LENDINGBANK LOANSBARRIERS TO ENERGY EFFICIENCYBIOMASSBOILERSBORROWINGBUILDING MATERIALSCARBONCASH FLOWCASH FLOWSCITIESCLEAN ENERGYCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE-CHANGECOCO2COALCOGENERATIONCOLLATERALCOMMERCIAL BANKCOMMERCIAL BANKSCOMPACT FLUORESCENT BULBSCONDENSATIONCONSUMPTION OF ENERGYCONSUMPTION OF FUELCOOPERATIVESCOST-BENEFITCREDIT LINECREDIT LINESCREDITWORTHINESSCROSS-SUBSIDIESCUSTOMER BASECUSTOMER BASESDISPOSABLE INCOMEDISTRICT HEATINGDUSTECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC GROWTHEDUCATED CONSUMERSEFFICIENT LIGHTINGELECTRIC HEATERSELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY PRODUCTIONELECTRICITY TARIFFELIGIBLE APPLICANTSEMISSIONEMISSIONSEMPLOYMENTENERGY AUDITENERGY AUDITINGENERGY BALANCEENERGY BILLSENERGY CONSUMPTIONENERGY COST SAVINGSENERGY COSTSENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY EFFICIENCY FINANCEENERGY EFFICIENCY INVESTMENTSENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURESENERGY IMPORTSENERGY PRICINGENERGY SAVINGSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SERVICE COMPANYENERGY SERVICESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SUBSIDIESENERGY SUPPLYENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSEQUIPMENT SUPPLIERSEQUITY CONTRIBUTIONSFINANCESFINANCIAL ANALYSISFINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONSFINANCIAL CRISISFINANCIAL INCENTIVESFINANCIAL INSTITUTIONFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTFINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSFINANCIAL MECHANISMSFINANCIAL RESOURCESFINANCIAL SUPPORTFINANCIAL TOOLSFOSSILFOSSIL FUELFOSSIL FUELSGAS BOILERSGAS PRICESGHGSGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTGLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITYGREY MARKETGUARANTEE SCHEMESHARMFUL EMISSIONSHEATHEAT GENERATIONHEAT METERINGHEAT METERSHEAT PRODUCTIONHEAT PUMPSHEAT RECOVERYHEAT SUPPLYHEAT TRANSFERHEATING ENERGYHEATING SYSTEMHEATING SYSTEMSHIGH ENERGY INTENSITYHIGHER ENERGY PRICESHOME IMPROVEMENTSHOMEOWNERHOMEOWNERSHOT WATERHOUSEHOLD INCOMESHOUSEHOLDSHOUSINGHYDROCARBONSIMPORTSINCOME GROUPSINCOME HOUSEHOLDSINEQUALITIESINTEREST RATEINTEREST RATESINVESTMENT DECISIONSINVESTMENTS IN ENERGYJOB CREATIONJOB OPPORTUNITIESJOBSLACK OF ACCESSLACK OF AWARENESSLACK OF INFORMATIONLACK OF KNOWLEDGELOANLOAN AMOUNTLOAN GUARANTEELOAN GUARANTEESLOCAL ENVIRONMENTLOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDSLOWER PRICESMARKET PENETRATIONNATURAL GASNOXOILOIL EQUIVALENTOUTREACHPEAK LOADSPENALTIESPENETRATION RATESPOLLUTANTSPOWERPOWER SYSTEMSPRIVATIZATIONPROPERTY RIGHTSPUBLIC EDUCATIONPUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPREAL ESTATERENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESREPAYMENTRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGSRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERSRESIDENTIAL ENERGYRESIDENTIAL ENERGY USERESIDENTIAL SECTORSRETROFITTINGREVOLVING FUNDREVOLVING FUNDSSELF-FINANCINGSO2SOFT LOANSSOLAR SYSTEMSSOLAR THERMALSOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORSSOLAR WATER HEATERSSOLAR WATER HEATINGSOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEMSSUPPLY SIDETARGETED SUBSIDIESTAX CODETAX CREDITTAX CREDITSTAX PAYMENTSTAX REBATETAX REDUCTIONSTECHNICAL ASSISTANCETECHNICAL SUPPORTTEMPERATUREUNIONURBAN DEVELOPMENTUTILITIESUTILITY BILLUTILITY BILLSUTILITY PROGRAMSVOLUNTARY AGREEMENTSWATER HEATING10.1596/20044