Deichmann, UweLall, Somik V.2012-03-192012-03-192009-12-01https://hdl.handle.net/10986/4348Today, 370 million people live in cities in earthquake prone areas and 310 million in cities with high probability of tropical cyclones. By 2050, these numbers are likely to more than double. Mortality risk therefore is highly concentrated in many of the world s cities and economic risk even more so. This paper discusses what sets hazard risk in urban areas apart, provides estimates of valuation of hazard risk, and discusses implications for individual mitigation and public policy. The main conclusions are that urban agglomeration economies change the cost-benefit calculation of hazard mitigation, that good hazard management is first and foremost good general urban management, and that the public sector must perform better in generating and disseminating credible information on hazard risk in cities.CC BY 3.0 IGOALLIANCESAPARTMENTAPARTMENT BUILDINGSAVERAGE PRODUCTIVITYBANKSBARGAININGBUILDING CODEBUILDING CODESCAPITALIZATIONCITY SIZECIVIL WARCLIMATE CHANGECOLLATERALIZATIONCOLLECTIVE ACTIONCONSTRUCTIONCOST BENEFIT ANALYSISCOST-BENEFIT ANALYSESDAMAGESDEBTDEFORESTATIONDEVELOPED COUNTRIESDEVELOPMENT ECONOMICSDISASTERDISASTER EVENTSDISASTER MITIGATIONDISASTER REDUCTIONDISASTER RISKDISASTER RISK REDUCTIONDISASTERSDISCOUNT RATESDROUGHTDWELLINGDWELLING UNITSEARLY WARNINGEARTHQUAKEEARTHQUAKESECONOMIC ACTIVITYECONOMIC EFFICIENCYECONOMIC VALUEECONOMICSECONOMIES OF SCALEEMPIRICAL ANALYSISEMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPIRICAL RESEARCHEMPLOYMENTENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSENVIRONMENTAL RISKENVIRONMENTSEQUILIBRIUMERUPTIONSEXTERNALITIESFATALITIESFAULT LINEFAULT LINESFINANCIAL RESOURCESFIREFIRE FIGHTINGFLOODFLOOD CONTROLFLOOD DAMAGEFLOOD INSURANCEFLOODINGFLOODSGARBAGE COLLECTIONGOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONHAZARD MANAGEMENTHAZARD MAPHAZARDOUS AREASHAZARDOUS LOCATIONSHEALTH SERVICESHOUSINGHOUSING CONDITIONSHOUSING MARKETHOUSING MARKETSHOUSING PRICESHOUSING SUPPLYHUMAN SETTLEMENTSHURRICANEINCOMEINCOME DISTRIBUTIONINCOME TAXESINFORMATION ECONOMICSINFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGEINNOVATIONINSURANCEINSURANCE PREMIUMSINSURERLABOR MARKETLABOR MARKETSLAND DEVELOPMENTLAND ECONOMICSLAND MARKETLAND PRICESLAND RECLAMATIONLAND SUPPLYLAND USELAND USE PLANNINGLAND USE REGULATIONSLAND USE RESTRICTIONSLANDLORDLANDSLIDELANDSLIDESLARGE CITIESLAWSLEGISLATIONLIGHTINGLOCAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURESLOCAL GOVERNMENTLOCAL GOVERNMENT BORROWINGLOCAL GOVERNMENTSMANDATESMARKET DISTORTIONSMARKET MECHANISMMETROPOLITAN CITIESMIGRATIONMONITORING TECHNOLOGYMORAL HAZARDMORTALITYMUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENTMUNICIPALITIESNATURAL DISASTERNATURAL DISASTERSNATURAL HAZARDNATURAL HAZARDSNEGATIVE EXTERNALITIESOILOIL SPILLSPENALTIESPOLITICAL ECONOMYPOLLUTIONPOLLUTION CONCENTRATIONPOPULATION GROWTHPRESENT VALUEPRICE DIFFERENCESPRIVATE ASSETSPRIVATE INSURANCEPRODUCTIVITYPROPERTY RIGHTSPROPERTY TAXESPROPERTY VALUESPUBLIC AGENCIESPUBLIC GOODPUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC POLICIESPUBLIC POLICYREAL ESTATEREAL ESTATE TAXESRENT CONTROLSRENTSRESETTLEMENTRESIDENTIAL AREASRESPONSE TO DISASTERRISK ANALYSISRISK MANAGEMENTRISK REDUCTION EFFORTSRURAL AREASRURAL POPULATIONSAFETYSEA SURFACE TEMPERATURESKILLED WORKERSSLUMSLUMSSOCIAL CAPITALSOCIAL COSTSSPATIAL PATTERNSSQUATTERSSTORMSTORMSSUPPLIERSTAXATIONTOWNSTRANSACTION COSTSTRANSPORTTROPICAL CYCLONESURBAN AREASURBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN ECONOMYURBAN GROWTHURBAN INFRASTRUCTUREURBAN LANDURBAN PLANNINGURBAN POPULATIONURBAN PUBLIC FINANCEURBAN PUBLIC SERVICESURBAN SERVICESURBANIZATIONUSER CHARGESVOLCANOVOLCANOESWAGE RATESWAGESWELFARE GAINSWETLANDSZONINGWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-5161