World Bank2014-04-222014-04-222012-11https://hdl.handle.net/10986/18016The global dialogue surrounding the United Nations framework convention for climate change has focused on two strategies for addressing challenges associated with climate change: (1) mitigation (reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere); and (2) adaptation (reducing the vulnerability of societies and ecosystems to the impacts of climate change). Forests feature in both of these strategies. The role of forests as stores of carbon and therefore in reducing GHG emissions has been captured in the efforts associated with reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation and enhancing carbon stocks (REDD+). The report points to how forests will respond to climate change, and advocates strengthening the ability of institutions to deliver on sustainable forest management, which will help with the resilience of forest systems. This working paper presents a review of relevant work on forests and the services, and the use of forests and trees in adaptation. The paper starts with a brief discussion about climate change. It also provides a conceptualization of how to link forest services with their use for adaptation (more specifically, ecosystem-based adaptation). This report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two focuses on climate change; chapter three presents vulnerability and climate change adaptation; chapter four introduces the ecosystem-based adaptation; chapter five deals with forests and adaptation; and chapter six gives conclusions and way forward.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOADAPTATION STRATEGIESADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGEADAPTIVE MANAGEMENTADJACENT ECOSYSTEMSADVERSE EFFECTSADVERSE IMPACTSAGRICULTURAL PRACTICESAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITYAGRICULTUREAIRALTITUDEAMAZON FORESTANIMAL SPECIESANNUAL PRECIPITATIONANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSEANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GASESATMOSPHEREBASINSBENEFICIAL VALUESBIODIVERSITYBIOLOGICAL CORRIDORSBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYBROOKSBUFFERING CAPACITYCARBONCARBON CYCLINGCARBON STOCKSCHARCOAL PRODUCTIONCLEAN WATERCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOSCLIMATE VARIABILITYCLIMATE VARIATIONCLIMATESCLIMATIC CONDITIONSCO2COASTCOASTAL AREASCOASTAL EROSIONCOASTAL WETLANDSCOASTAL ZONECOASTAL ZONESCOMMERCIAL VALUECONSERVATION POLICIESCONSTRUCTIONCONVERGENCECRITICAL ECOSYSTEMCROPSCUMULATIVE IMPACTSDAMSDEFORESTATIONDEGRADED FORESTSDEGRADED LANDDESERTIFICATIONDESERTSDOWNSTREAM POPULATIONSDOWNSTREAM WATERSDROUGHTDRY FORESTDRY FORESTSECOLOGICAL SYSTEMSECOLOGYECONOMIC BENEFITSECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENTECOSYSTEM DEGRADATIONECOSYSTEM STRUCTUREEMISSIONEMISSION REDUCTIONSEMISSION SCENARIOSEMISSION-REDUCTIONEMISSIONSEMISSIONS FROM DEFORESTATIONENDANGERED SPECIESENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSENVIRONMENTAL POLICIESEROSIONEROSION CONTROLESTUARINEEVAPOTRANSPIRATIONFILTRATIONFISHFISH STOCKFISH STOCKSFISHERIESFLOOD CONTROLFLOOD HAZARDSFLOOD WATERSFLOODINGFLOODPLAINSFLOODPRONE AREASFLOODSFOOD PRODUCTIONFOOD SECURITYFORESTFOREST CATEGORIESFOREST COMMUNITIESFOREST CONSERVATIONFOREST CONVERSIONFOREST DEGRADATIONFOREST ECOSYSTEMFOREST ECOSYSTEMSFOREST FIREFOREST FIRESFOREST FRAGMENTATIONFOREST GOVERNANCEFOREST GROWTHFOREST PLANTATIONFOREST POLICYFOREST PRODUCTSFOREST RESEARCHFOREST RESOURCESFOREST SECTORFOREST SENSITIVITYFOREST STRUCTUREFOREST SYSTEMSFOREST TYPESFORESTRYFORESTRY ACTIVITIESFORESTRY SYSTEMSFORESTSFRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEFRESH WATERFRUITFRUITSGHGGLACIERSGLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGEGLOBAL PRECIPITATIONGLOBAL WARMINGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASESHABITATSHUMAN ACTIVITYHUMIDITYHURRICANESHYDROLOGICAL FORESTIMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGEINSECT PESTSINTERNATIONAL FORESTRY RESEARCHINVASIVE SPECIESIPCCLAND COVERLAND DEGRADATIONLAND USELAND USE CHANGELAND USESLANDSCAPELANDSCAPESLIVELIHOODSLOGGINGLOW EMISSIONS SCENARIOMANGROVE FORESTSMANGROVESMARINE ECOSYSTEMSMITIGATIONMONSOONSMOUNTAINOUS AREASNATIVE SPECIESNATURAL FORESTSNATURAL RESOURCESNATURENEGATIVE IMPACTSNITROGENNITROGEN FIXATIONNUTRIENT CYCLINGNUTRIENT LEVELSNUTRIENTSPLANNING PROCESSPLOTSPOLLUTANTSPPPRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION EVENTSQUALITY OF WATERRAINRAINFALLRAINFALL EVENTSRAINY SEASONRANGESREGIONAL CLIMATERESTORATIONRIVERRIVER BASINSRIVERINEROLE OF FORESTSRUNOFFSEA LEVEL RISESEDIMENTSEDIMENT RETENTIONSEDIMENTATIONSEDIMENTSSENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGESOIL EROSIONSOIL MOISTURESOLAR POWERSOLAR RADIATIONSPECIES COMPOSITIONSPECIES DISTRIBUTIONSPECIES DIVERSITYSTORMSSTREAMSURFACE AIR TEMPERATURESURFACE TEMPERATURESURFACE TEMPERATURESSUSTAINABLE FORESTSUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENTSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENTTEMPERATURETERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMSTIBETAN PLATEAUTIMBER FORESTTIMBER FOREST PRODUCTSTOPOGRAPHYTREE SPECIESTROPICAL CYCLONESTROPICAL ECOSYSTEMSTROPICAL FORESTTROPICAL FORESTSTROPICAL MANGROVE FORESTSTROPICAL RAINFORESTTROPICAL REGIONSTROPICAL STORMSTROPICSUPLAND FORESTSVEGETATIONWATER QUALITYWATERSHEDWATERSHEDSWAVE ACTIONWAVESWETLANDWETLAND ECOSYSTEMSWILDLIFEWINDWINDS10.1596/18016