Greulich, AngelaDasre, AurélienInan, Ceren2015-07-162015-07-162015-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/22181In Turkey, female employment and education are still relatively low, while fertility levels are high compared with other European countries. However, Turkey stands just at the edge of an important social transition. Increasing female education and employment come along with important decreases in fertility. By mobilizing census and survey data, this paper finds that fertility decreases are mainly caused by fewer transitions to a third birth. Graduate women participating in the formal labor market are most at risk of deciding against child arrival in comparison with inactive or unemployed women. The third rank is particularly concerned, as women’s income contribution seems to be crucial for many families that already have two children, and the arrival of a third child risks reducing or stopping women’s working activities in the absence of institutional childcare support. Policies enabling women to combine work and family life, which have been proven effective in other European countries, emerge as useful to avoid a further fertility decline below replacement level in Turkey.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOFEMALE EDUCATIONNUMBER OF CHILDRENSOCIAL NORMSWORKFORCEFERTILITY TRANSITIONECONOMIC GROWTHCONTRACEPTIONURBANIZATIONEDUCATION OF GIRLSDEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSISFAMILY SIZESFEWER WOMENFIRST CHILDPOLICY FRAMEWORKLEVELS OF EDUCATIONTRADITIONAL GENDER ROLESLABOR FORCEDEVELOPING COUNTRIESDISCRIMINATIONREPLACEMENT LEVELGENDER EQUITYPOLICY DISCUSSIONSCHILD BIRTHSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTFERTILITY TRENDSSOCIAL SCIENCESPARENTAL ROLESACCESS TO EDUCATIONPOPULATION CENSUSLABOR MARKETMATERNITY LEAVEPOPULATION CENSUSFAMILY POLICIESGENDER GAPPREGNANCIESGENDER GAP IN EDUCATIONEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTSMALL FAMILIESINTEGRATION OF WOMENFERTILITY RATESINTERNAL MIGRATIONSFERTILITY DECLINESIDEAL NUMBER OF CHILDRENFERTILITY RATEECONOMIC EMPOWERMENTMIGRATIONCHILDBEARING AGEHOUSEHOLD INCOMECHILDBEARING AGESSTATE PLANNINGMARRIAGESOCIAL SECURITYECONOMIC CHANGEUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONFERTILITY DIFFERENTIALSCHILD CAREFERTILITY LEVELSFAMILY RESOURCESEDUCATED WOMENSECONDARY EDUCATIONPROGRESSUNEMPLOYMENTSAME SEXFAMILY PREFERENCECHILDBIRTHHUMAN CAPITALAGE OF MARRIAGEEMPLOYMENT OF WOMENPOLICIESPOPULATION STUDIESGENDER DIFFERENCESWOMANPOLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPERPOLICY MAKERSSOCIAL POLICYDEMOGRAPHIC CHANGEMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONFAMILY FORMATIONLABOUR MARKETFAMILY INCOMESOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTURBAN AREASFAMILY PLANNINGFEWER CHILDRENEARLY CHILDHOODPOPULATION RESEARCHIMPACT ON FERTILITYPOPULATIONSILLITERATE WOMENMOTHERYOUNG CHILDRENACCESS TO CONTRACEPTIONPROCREATIONBULLETINCHILDBEARINGCULTURAL DEVELOPMENTPOLICYSOCIAL STATUSFERTILITY SURVEYCHILDREN PER WOMANNUMBER OF WOMENSEXMINORITYPARTICIPATION OF WOMENLEVEL OF EDUCATIONPARENTAL LEAVERURAL AREASACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNINGNUMBER OF CHILDRENFEMALE LABOR FORCEYOUNG WOMENECONOMIC PROGRESSINTERNAL MIGRATIONFIRST MARRIAGEPOLICY IMPLICATIONSLOWER FERTILITYPOPULATIONLABOR SUPPLYSTUDENTSLIVING CONDITIONSTEENAGE PREGNANCIESPOLICY RESEARCHMARRIED WOMENSOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCESLOW FERTILITYPRIMARY EDUCATIONFERTILITYWOMENFERTILITY DECLINEGENDER ROLESSECONDARY EDUCATIONTERTIARY EDUCATIONUNIVERSITY EDUCATIONDECLINE IN FERTILITYBOTH SEXESEARLY CHILD CAREGENDER EQUALITYDEVELOPMENT POLICYHUMAN DEVELOPMENTWorking PaperWorld Bank10.1596/1813-9450-7310