Byer, TrevorCrousillat, EnriqueDussan, Manuel2014-03-312014-03-312009-06https://hdl.handle.net/10986/17536During the 90s, most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean Region (LCR) supported by the World Bank, implemented a market-oriented reform in the energy sector to promote competition, economic regulation and greater private sector participation, as the main instruments to improve the quality, reliability and efficiency of energy services, and improve the government's fiscal position and increase affordable access to modern energy services for the poor. This report comprises an assessment of the energy sector reform in the region: its achievements, difficulties, lessons learnt and current status; an assessment of the future needs of the energy sector investment and financing requirements, constraints, and challenges; and a review of the role of development agencies in supporting the region's energy needs. The study is not a systematic analysis of the reform experience and needs of individual countries, which is not deemed necessary to define an energy strategy for the region, but rather an analysis of the main themes that are common to most countries, with reference to specific cases of individual countries, based on a review of the documentation available on the reform, and on current energy plans. The power sector reform in the region had a substantial positive fiscal impact. During the past 15 years, private investment in electricity in LCR amounted to about US$103 bn, about 60 percent in divestiture of public assets, and 40 percent in green-field projects. Investments in divestiture peaked at about US$21 bn at the time of the privatization of major distribution assets in Brazil, and almost vanished by 2002. Investments in green-field projects have been more stable during the past 10 years.en-USCC BY 3.0 IGOACCESS TO ELECTRICITYACCESS TO ENERGYACCESS TO ENERGY SERVICESACCESS TO MODERN ENERGYAFFORDABLE ENERGYALTERNATIVE ENERGYALTITUDEAPPROACHATMOSPHERIC FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTIONAVAILABILITYBARREL OF OILBARRELS PER DAYBASESBED COMBUSTIONBIOMASSBORDER TRADECARBONCARBON DIOXIDECARBON FINANCECLEAN COALCLEAN COAL GENERATION TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIESCLEAN ENERGYCLEAN POWERCLIMATECLIMATE CHANGECOCO2COAL GENERATIONCOAL PLANTSCOLORSCONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUMCRUDE OILCRUDE OIL PRODUCTIONCRUDE OIL REFINING CAPACITYDIESELDIESEL ENGINESDIESEL OILDISTILLATIONDISTRIBUTION LOSSESDRY NATURAL GASDRY NATURAL GAS PRODUCTIONEFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTSEFFICIENT USEEFFICIENT USE OF ENERGYELECTRICITYELECTRICITY CONSERVATIONELECTRICITY CONSUMPTIONELECTRICITY DEMANDELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTIONELECTRICITY GENERATIONELECTRICITY PRICESELECTRICITY SECTORELECTRICITY SUPPLYELECTRICITY TARIFFSEMISSIONEMISSION FACTOREMISSIONSENERGY BALANCEENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY DEMANDENERGY EFFICIENCYENERGY INTENSITYENERGY MARKETENERGY MARKETSENERGY MIXENERGY NEEDSENERGY PLANNERSENERGY PLANNINGENERGY POLICYENERGY PRICESENERGY REQUIREMENTSENERGY SECURITYENERGY SERVICEENERGY SERVICE COMPANYENERGY SHORTAGESENERGY SOURCESENERGY STRATEGIESENERGY STRATEGYENERGY SUPPLYENERGY USEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTSETHANOLEXPLOSIVEFOSSILFOSSIL FUELSFUELFUEL PRICEFUEL PRICESFUEL SUPPLYFUELSGASGAS COMPANIESGAS EXPLORATIONGAS FIELDSGAS FLOWGAS IMPORTSGAS PIPELINEGAS PIPELINE NETWORKSGAS PIPELINESGAS PRODUCTIONGAS RESOURCESGAS SECTORGAS SECTORSGAS SUPPLIESGAS SUPPLYGAS TRANSMISSIONGAS TURBINEGASIFICATIONGASOLINEGASOLINE PRICESGENERATIONGENERATION CAPACITYGHGGREENHOUSEGREENHOUSE GASGROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTHEAVY OILHYDRO POWERHYDRO RESOURCESHYDROCARBONSHYDROELECTRIC PLANTSHYDROELECTRIC POTENTIALHYDROELECTRIC POWERHYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTSINCOMEINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYIPCCLIQUEFIED NATURAL GASLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASLIQUID FUELSLNGMEMBER STATESNATURAL GAS CONSUMPTIONNATURAL GAS DEMANDNATURAL GAS GENERATIONNATURAL GAS PRICESNET OILNITROGENNITROGEN DIOXIDENO2OILOIL AND GASOIL AND GAS SECTOROIL COMPANIESOIL COMPANYOIL DEMANDOIL EQUIVALENTOIL EXPORTEROIL EXPORTERSOIL EXPORTINGOIL EXPORTING COUNTRIESOIL EXPORTSOIL IMPORTOIL IMPORTERSOIL IMPORTSOIL PRICEOIL PRICE SCENARIOOIL PRICESOIL PRODUCINGOIL PRODUCTSOIL REFININGOIL RESOURCESOIL REVENUESPEAK ELECTRICITY DEMANDPETROLEUMPETROLEUM GASPETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSUMPTIONPETROLEUM PRODUCT PRICESPETROLEUM PRODUCTSPIPELINEPOWER CAPACITYPOWER GRIDPOWER PRODUCERPOWER PRODUCERSPOWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTSPOWER SECTORPOWER SYSTEMPOWER UTILITIESPRIMARY ENERGYPRIVATE INVESTMENTPROVEN RESERVESREFINERIESREFINERYREFINERY CAPACITYREFINERY SECTORRENEWABLE ENERGYRENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONSRENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTRENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAMRENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMSRENEWABLE GENERATIONRENEWABLE POWERRESIDENTIAL CONSUMERSRESIDUAL FUELRESIDUAL FUEL OILRETAIL COMPETITIONRURAL ELECTRIFICATIONRURAL ENERGYSECURITY OF ENERGY SUPPLYSO2SOLAR HOME SYSTEMSSOURCE OF ENERGYSPOT MARKETSTEAM TURBINESUGARCANESULFURSULFUR DIOXIDESUPPLY COSTSSUPPLY CURVESUSTAINABLE ENERGYTARIFF LEVELSTAX REVENUESTHERMAL CAPACITYTHERMAL EFFICIENCYTHERMAL EXPANSIONTHERMAL PLANTSTHERMAL POWERTHERMAL POWER GENERATIONTHERMAL UNITTRANSPORT COSTSTRANSPORT SECTORUTILITIESVOLATILE PRICESWHOLESALE POWERWHOLESALE PRICESWINDWIND POWERWOOD FUELWOOD FUELSWORLD OIL10.1596/17536